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Var skapades Sveriges 100 främsta innovationer?

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Abstract

Svenskt välstånd har i hög grad byggt på banbrytande innovationer som ofta har blivit exportsuccéer. I en ny rapport har forskare sammanställt var 100 av Sveriges främsta innovationer genom tiderna har uppstått. Rapporten är framtagen av Reforminstitutet i samarbete på initiativ av Stockholms Innovatörskrets med stöd av Svenska Uppfinnareföreningen. Rapporten fastslår att av dessa innovationer har hela 80 procent skapats av uppfinnare genom anställning vid företag eller i egen verksamhet och att andelen uppfinningar härstammande från universitet och högskolor uppgår till endast 20 procent. Även andra studier visar att universitetens innovativa roll är liten.

Swedish flag iconPå svenska
Universiteten är dock viktiga inom medicin och hälsa där de står för hela 56 procent av innovationerna. I denna sektor är forskning av avgörande betydelse för innovationers uppkomst. Inom sektorer såsom verkstad, bygg, telekom och IT står privata företag och enskilda uppfinnare för mer än 90 procent av innovationerna. Rapportens slutsatser har implikationer för forsknings- och innovationspolitiken. Om en överväldigande majoritet av Sveriges innovationer skapats av enskilda uppfinnare/näringsidkare och individer anställda av företag bör den svenska innovationspolitiken fokusera på dessa aktörer i första hand. En politik som sätter universiteten i centrum för innovationsstrategier ger förmodligen begränsade resultat. En mer generell slutsats är också att svensk innovationspolitik behöver bli mer evidensbaserad och mindre styrd av politisk retorik.

Sandström, C. (2014). Var skapades Sveriges 100 främsta innovationer? Rapport, Reforminstitutet och Svenska Uppfinnarföreningen.

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Article (with peer review)

Introducing the inverted Icarus paradox in business history – Evidence from David and Goliath in the Swedish telecommunications industry 1981–1990

Eriksson, K.; Lakomaa, E.; Nykvist, R.; Sandström, C.

Publication year

2024

Published in

Business History, Advance online publication.

Abstract

Previous research in business and management history has identified the Icarus paradox, which describes how organisations may fall due to overconfidence and hubris. We build upon previous research on paradoxes in business history and introduce the notion of an inverted Icarus paradox. Using rich archival sources coded in a relational database, we show how an entrant firm, Comvik, outmanoeuvred an established government monopoly in the non-market domain from 1980 to 1990, despite inferior resources and a weak market position. The government monopoly Televerket faced an inverted Icarus paradox; it could not leverage its strengths and political connections as they were stuck in a David versus Goliath narrative where public opinion was more sympathetic to the entrant firm Comvik.

Book chapter

Learning from Overrated Mission-Oriented Innovation Policies: Seven Takeaways

Henrekson, M., Sandström, C., & Stenkula, M.

Publication year

2024

Published in

Springer Nature.

Abstract

This chapter integrates findings from several different case studies on mission-oriented innovation policies (MOIPs) and makes use of the existing literature to briefly describe three other missions: The War on Cancer, homeownership in the United States, and the Swedish Million Program. Together with the analyses in the other chapters of this volume, seven takeaways regarding mission-oriented innovation policies are developed and described: (1) wicked problems cannot be solved through missions, (2) politicians and government agencies are not exempt from self-interest, (3) MOIPs are subject to rent seeking and mission capture, (4) policymakers lack information to design MOIPs efficiently, (5) MOIPs distort competition, (6) government support programs distort incentives and result in moral hazard, and (7) MOIPs ignore opportunity costs. These seven takeaways are illustrated using the cases described in this chapter and elsewhere in this volume.

Book chapter

The state of the entrepreneurial state: Empirical evidence of mission-led innovation projects around the globe. In Moonshots and the New Industrial Policy (pp. 125–143)

Batbaatar, M., Larsson, J. P., Sandström, C., & Wennberg, K.

Publication year

2024

Published in

In Moonshots and the New Industrial Policy (pp. 125–143). Springer.

Abstract

This chapter reviews theoretical rationales for mission-oriented innovation policy and provides an empirical overview of extant 28 papers and 49 cases on the topic. We synthetize varieties of mission formulations, actors involved, and characteristics of missions described as more or less failed or successful. Fifty-nine percent of the studied missions are still ongoing, 33 percent are considered successful, and 8 percent as failures. Sixty-seven percent of the studied missions have taken place in Europe, 24 percent in North America, and 8 percent in Asia. The majority of innovation projects referred to as missions do not fulfill the criteria defined by the OECD. Results suggest that missions related to technological or agricultural innovations are more often successful than broader types of missions aimed at social or ecological challenges. Challenges regarding the governance and evaluation of missions remain unresolved in the literature. We find no case that contains a cost-benefit analysis or takes opportunity cost into account.

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Details

Author
Sandström, C.
Publication year
2014