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When circular systems scale - Ratio

PublicationArticle (with peer review)

When circular systems scale

Abstract

Circular economy systems are often designed with a focus on material flows and technological substitution, but their ecological performance is also shaped by geography. As a circular economy expands geographically, it encounters rising institutional diversity, logistical constraints, and behavioral divergence. The paper introduces a framework, based on lessons from the plastics industry, that models how spatial frictions—defined across regulatory, logistical, behavioral, economic, and coordination dimensions—accumulate with scale and undermine system performance. Costs escalate, and reliability deteriorates as circular systems become more spatially dispersed. These dynamics can result in delayed material recovery, inconsistent quality, and increased ecological inefficiency, even when technical feasibility exists.

Grafström, J., & Larsson, J.P. (2026). When circular systems scale.Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1–17.

Details

Author: Grafström, J. & Larsson, J.P.
Publication year: 2026
Published in: Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1–17

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Ph.D.
Johan P Larsson
johan.p.larsson@ratio.se
Ph.D. and vice CEO
Jonas Grafström
+46703475854jonas.grafstrom@ratio.se

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