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About

  • About us

    • About
    • Contact us
  • Media

    • News archive
  • Cooperations

    • Eli F. Heckscher Lectures

Research

  • Areas

    • Labour Market Research
    • Competitiveness Research
    • Climate and Environmental Research
  • Ongoing research

    • Working Paper Series
  • People
  • Publications

    • Publications

      • Publications

    Mycket mer för mindre – tillväxt och hållbarhet i Sverige

    PublicationReports
    Axel Wieslander, Christian Sandström, Hållbarhet, Jonas Grafström, miljö
    Mycket mer för mindre_rapport_2020
    Download

    Abstract

    Sammanfattning:

    Världens koldioxidutsläpp stiger fortfarande, vilket är ett enormt problem och arbete återstår. Men empiriska data från Sverige visar att det har gått att kombinera en växande ekonomi med krympande miljöpåverkan. Detta betyder att positiv förändring kan ske och möjligen kan överföras till andra länder.
    Sedan år 1990 har Sveriges befolkning ökat med drygt 1,6 miljoner och ekonomin nästan fördubblats. Samtidigt har koldioxidutsläppen minskat med 27 procent mellan åren 1990 och 2018. BNP per koldioxidenhet gick under perioden ner med 60 procent.
    Sedan 2008 (första året författarna har tillgängliga data ifrån) har de konsumtionsbaserade utsläppen från utlandet minskat.
    Utsläppen från bilar har minskat, trots att antalet bilar ökade med 1,2 miljoner.
    Av de 26 farliga utsläpp i luften som SCB har tillgänglig statistik över, har 24 minskat. I många fall är minskningen mer än 50 procent. Efter 1995 års förbud mot bly i bensin har dessa utsläpp minskat med 95 procent.
    Utsläppen av svaveldioxid har gått ner med 80 procent sedan 1990, trots den ekonomiska tillväxt som ägt rum under perioden. Nedgången i användning av kol och eldningsolja tycks vara främsta orsak till denna minskning.
    Det går att se kraftiga utsläppsminskningar av nickel, kadmium, krom, koppar, nickel och arsenik.
    Antalet inrikesresor minskade marginellt jämfört med 1990-talets början, men utsläppen sjönk 13 procent. Utrikesresor har dock stigit.
    Elanvändningen har gått upp med 2,8 procent sedan år 1990. Per capita och per BNP enhet har dock elanvändningen gått ner.
    Sverige tar ut mindre vatten och använder mindre vatten per person sedan både 1970 och 1990.


    För data, se denna bilaga.

    Grafström, J., Sandström, C. & Wieslander, A. (2020). ”Mycket mer för mindre – tillväxt och hållbarhet i Sverige”. Stockholm: Ratio.

    English version: (Much) More for Less.

    För kompletterande bilaga, se nedan.

    Details

    Author

    Grafström, J., Sandström, C. & Wieslander, A.

    Publication year

    2020

    Published in

    (Much) More for Less, För data, se denna bilaga.

    Related

    Jonas Grafström
    Ph.D. and vice CEO

    +46703475854

    jonas.grafstrom@ratio.se


    Similar content

    Working Paper No. 385 The workload paradox: Will AIreduce academic labor?
    Working paperPublication
    Jonas Grafström
    Download
    Publication year

    2025

    Published in

    Ratio Working Paper Series.

    Abstract

    Artificial intelligence is reshaping academia, but instead of liberating scholars, AI might keep them running faster just to stay in place. This paper theoretically explores how AI increases institutional expectations rather than reducing workload. Using a formal workload model, the study examines how automation affects academic tasks, revealing that while AI streamlines some processes, it also creates new responsibilities in research, publishing, and administration. A case study illustrates how scholars experience rising pressures to verify AI-generated work, adapt to changing publication norms, and meet intensifying institutional demands. The findings suggest that AI’s role in academia is not one only of simplification, but acceleration—a race where efficiency gains are quickly absorbed, where the pursuit of academic excellence becomes ever more demanding, and where scholars must continuously push forward, not to advance, but merely to avoid falling behind.

    Working Paper No. 384 Vertical industrial policy: principles, practice and potential
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    Publication year

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    Published in

    Ratio Working Paper Series.

    Abstract

    This report investigates the rationale, implementation challenges, and evolving global context of vertical industrial policy, with a particular focus on Sweden. Against the backdrop of recent global crises—including the 2008 financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical disruptions following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine—the analysis explores how governments have re-evaluated the role of state intervention to bolster economic resilience and strategic autonomy. The report distinguishes between horizontal and vertical approaches, where vertical policy targets specific sectors or technologies considered critical for national development, such as green technology, semiconductors, and renewable energy. Drawing on economic theory and empirical evidence, the report outlines the key justifications for vertical industrial policy, including market failures, coordination problems, and the under-provision of public goods. It also addresses the limitations and risks associated with such policies, including information asymmetries, rent-seeking, and political capture. A central contribution is a decision-making framework designed to help policymakers assess when vertical industrial intervention may be justified and how it can be designed to minimize inefficiencies and unintended consequences. While the report takes a cautiously critical stance toward vertical industrial policy, it acknowledges its potential when implemented with clear objectives, regular evaluations, and institutional safeguards. The analysis highlights the need for a balanced and flexible approach, especially in the context of green transitions and geopolitical fragmentation.

    Working Paper No. 383 Insider activism in the forest industry: An empirical public choice analysis
    Working paperPublication
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    Download
    Publication year

    2025

    Published in

    Ratio Working Paper Series

    Abstract

    Insider activism—where bureaucrats use discretionary power to advance own ideological goals—has significant implications for regulatory stability and property rights security. Using the Swedish forestry industry as a case study, the purpose of this study is to investigate if insider activism affects the Swedish forestry sector and how such possible regulatory uncertainty influences economic decision-making. Assembled survey data suggest that forest owners perceive regulatory enforcement as unpredictable, leading to defensive actions such as premature harvesting to preempt restrictive future regulations. To explain these patterns, we apply public choice theory and a game-theoretic approach, demonstrating how bureaucratic drift, regulatory ratcheting, and time-inconsistency problems contribute to persistent distortions in forestry policies. Policy wise, the findings emphasize the need for judicial review, regulatory impact assessments, and clearer legislative mandates to reduce enforcement uncertainty and improve institutional trust. This research advances discussions on bureaucratic incentives, regulatory capture, and legal certainty in environmental policy.

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    Selected publication

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