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PublikationWorking paper

Ratio Working Paper No. 352: More from less? Economic growth and sustainability in Sweden

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Sammanfattning

Can economic growth and environmental sustainability coexist? This book describes how emissions and use of natural resources has changed in Sweden over time.

Since 1990, Sweden’s population has increased by more than 1.6 million and the economy has almost doubled. At the same time, environmentally harmful emissions, and the use of natural resources in many areas have decreased both in absolute and relative terms. CO2 emissions decreased by 27 percent between 1990 and 2018. Per GDP, CO2 saw a decline by 60 percent during the period.

Consumption of water, electricity and energy has remained constant during this period, despite such an increase in GDP. Out of 26 measured pollutants, 24 had declined 1990-2018. The decline was on average 52 percent, and per GDP 77 percent.

These results give cause for cautious optimism.

If Sweden can combine a growing economy with an improved environment, other countries can follow.

Grafström, J. & Sandström, C. More from less? Economic growth and sustainability in Sweden. Ratio Working Paper No. 352. Stockholm: Ratio.

Detaljer

Författare
Grafström, J. & Sandström, C.
Publiceringsår
2021
Publicerat i

Ratio Working Paper

Relaterat

  • Bild av Jonas Grafström, medarbetare på Ratio
    Filosofie doktor och vice vd

    Jonas Grafström

    0703475854jonas.grafstrom@ratio.se

Liknande innehåll

Working paper

Ratio Working Paper No. 390: Fighting Populism by Rethinking Welfare

Karlson, N.
Ladda ner

Publiceringsår

2026

Publicerat i

Ratio Working Paper Series.

Sammanfattning

Populism thrives on discontent. It could be anything from migration and xenophobia to globalization and welfare failures. Populists deliberately use such discontent to promote polarization by demonizing opponents and attacking media, established elites, courts etc. in the name of the “true people”. As a consequence, democracy, the rule of law, and sound social and economic policies are undermined, with long-term disastrous effects. In many cases, however, the original discontent is caused by real policy failures that have not been properly solved. A major strategy for fighting back at the populist threats therefore must be to improve policy. This paper focuses on the policy failures of welfare states, a major source of discontent in many democracies. I argue that the concept of welfare has been captured and misinterpreted into government assistance programs, a presumption that needs to be abandoned and replaced by interpreting welfare as human flourishing, something that primarily can be promoted within markets and civil society, supported by a small, limited, and decent state.

Working paper

Ratio Working Paper No. 389: Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Academic Careers

Ejermo, O., & Holmström, P.
Ladda ner

Publiceringsår

2026

Publicerat i

Ratio Working Paper Series.

Sammanfattning

Using population-wide data on Swedish university researchers and teachers, we identify the effects of parenthood on academic careers. Leveraging staggered event-study models that compare mothers and fathers around first birth, we document widening gender gaps in publication output, wage income, promotion, and PhD completion. These gaps arise across all scientific fields. We further document substantial gender differences prior to first birth and among never-parents, indicating that child-related penalties explain only part of the overall academic gender gap.

Artikel (med peer review)

Competition and Voice in Public Education: Evidence from Sweden

Sebhatu, A., Wennberg, K., Lakomaa, E., & Brandén, M.

Publiceringsår

2026

Publicerat i

Education Finance and Policy, 1-40

Sammanfattning

While numerous studies examine the effects of school competition on student performance, little research directly addresses a key critique of competition: its potential to negatively affect parental engagement and voice. We draw on Hirschman’s theory of voice to argue that voucher-based school competition increases opportunities for exit but may crowd out voice. To assess the causal effects of competition on parental voice, we employ a robust two-way fixed effects difference-in-differences framework, comparing municipalities in Sweden that introduced competition with those that did not. Our findings indicate that school complaints decline following the introduction of competition. This decrease in voice is driven by neither a decrease in problems in school nor by changes in teaching staff quality or attrition. This suggests that the decrease in complaints is driven not by an increase in school quality but rather by a substitution from voice to exit.

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