Can Sports Promote Exports? The Role of Soccer Matches in International Trade
Hatzigeorgiou, A. (2016). Can Sports Promote Exports? The Role of Soccer Matches in International Trade. Global Economy Journal, 16(1), 1-32. DOI: 10.1515/gej-2015-0029
Hatzigeorgiou, A. (2016). Can Sports Promote Exports? The Role of Soccer Matches in International Trade. Global Economy Journal, 16(1), 1-32. DOI: 10.1515/gej-2015-0029
Sports can help to increase foreign trade and promote global economic integration. Engaging in sports can provide visibility opportunities for countries and may spur the interest of firms as well as consumers in the respective foreign market. Sport could also help to infuse trust into cross-country business relationships. While previous studies have investigated the role of sport events on trade, this study analyzes whether countries can increase trade between them by engaging in sporting activities with each other. We use soccer, being the world’s most popular sport, as an example when investigating this potential bilateral sport-trade link. Our empirical strategy builds on the fact that many soccer matches between countries’ national teams are the result of a random drawing procedure. Thus, they are a possible source of exogenous variation. Using a gravity model framework, we test the proposed link for approximately 4,800 soccer matches that were played between 209 countries during the period 1995 through 2001. We also analyze the hypothesized underlying impact channel by estimating the impact on trade for goods that are likely to have different elasticity with respect to information and trust friction. The results are indicative of the hypothesis that countries that engage in sporting activities with each other enhance their bilateral trade. These results could have potentially interesting policy implications. Governments may want to consider actively promoting sporting activities together with countries with which they want to enhance their trade.
2023
Ratio.
Liberaliseringen av tjänster inom EU har tappat fart. Jämfört med den inre marknaden för varor har utvecklingen av handeln med tjänster hållits tillbaka av byråkrati och krångel, vilket resulterar i långsammare tillväxt, lägre sysselsättning och bristfällig konkurrenskraft. Hindren för handel med tjänster präglas av lika stor mångfald som tjänsterna själva.
Genom att kombinera olika index, presenterar denna rapport en övergripande bild av regleringsbaserade hinder. Enligt OECD-data finns det specifika sektorer (som juridiska, distributions- och järnvägsfrakttransporttjänster) där reformer skulle kunna genomföras till låg kostnad. Men byråkrati och administrativa hinder utmanar alla typer av företag inom EU. Mer än 90 procent av EU:s BNP kommer från länder som rankas lägre än 20 i Världsbankens Doing Business-bedömning från 2020. De över 5 700 reglerade yrkena inom EU är ett exempel på ett område i behov av reformer. Cirka 140 icke-sjukvårdsrelaterade yrken regleras endast i ett EU-land (som exempelvis blomsterhandlare i Luxemburg och vinprovare i Slovenien), vilket indikerar att regleringsbehovet är tämligen svagt eller obefintligt. Det finns också märkliga regionala skillnader i regleringen av yrken inom länder (särskilt i Belgien).
De många reglerade yrkena hindrar innebär ett sänke för potentialen i den inre marknaden och skulle kunna avvecklas helt eller harmoniseras med lite politisk vilja. Om endast yrken som är gemensamma för ett rimligt stort antal EU-länder vore föremål för reglering skulle listan över reglerade yrken kortas dramatiskt.
Den här rapporten drar slutsatsen att kostnaden för passivitet när det gäller liberalisering av den inre marknaden för tjänster är hög och riskerar skada EU:s konkurrenskraft.
2019
Open innovation has rendered increased interest both in practice and research, and has expanded from dyadic transfers of ideas, to ecosystem levels. Knowledge is at the heart of open innovation, and this paper describes and discusses knowledge-transfer linkages for open innovation. It does so based on a literature review. The paper links together open innovation research with general management research to categorise and discuss linkages among parties in terms of their openness and how they relate to knowledge management. Conclusions indicate that openness needs to be considered in different dimensions that also links to different knowledge management outcomes. The paper’s contribution consists of how it connects open innovation research to the general management literature, and how it builds a practical understanding of how linkages between firms can be categorised to aid firms to consider which mechanisms they may choose and why.
2019
What is the role of innovation policy for accomplishing renewal of mature industries in Western economies? Drawing upon an unusually rich dataset spanning 9752 digitized archival documents, we categorize and code decisions taken by policymakers on several levels while also mapping and quantifying the strategic activities of both entrant firms and incumbent monopolists over a decade. Our data concerns two empirical cases from Sweden during the time period 1980–1990: the financial sector and the telecommunications sector. In both industries, a combination of technological and institutional upheaval came into motion during this time period which in turn fueled the revitalization of the Swedish economy in the subsequent decades. Our findings show that Swedish policymakers in both cases consistently acted in order to promote the emergence of more competition and de novo entrant firms at the expense of established monopolies. The paper quantifies and documents this process while also highlighting several enabling conditions. In conclusion, the results indicate that successful innovation policy in mature economies is largely a matter of strategically dealing with resourceful vested interest groups, alignment of expectations, and removing resistance to industrial renewal.