Does new shopping centre development benefit or harm the local suburban market? Heterogeneous effects from shopping centre type and distance - Ratio

Does new shopping centre development benefit or harm the local suburban market? Heterogeneous effects from shopping centre type and distance - Ratio

Liknande innehåll

Stadsstorlek och konkurrens bland arbetsgivare: Hur påverkas lönepremier och inkomstojämlikhet?

Halvarsson, D., & Korpi, M.

Publiceringsår

2025

Publicerat i

Institutet för arbetsmarknads- och utbildningspolitisk utvärdering.

Sammanfattning

I föreliggande studie undersöker vi den s.k. storstadslönepremien och dess förhållande till arbetsgivarkoncentration inom lokala arbetsmarknader. Med storstadslönepremien avses det positiva samband som – allt annat lika – finns mellan löneinkomst och stadstorlek. Vi skattar denna lönepremie både utifrån traditionella metoder och ett nytt beräkningssätt som utgår från företagsspecifika faktorer (företagsfixa effekter), och finner att dessa två beräkningssätt i stort sett ger likvärdiga resultat, något som talar för att storstadslönepremien såsom den vanligen skattas sannolikt även är kopplad till faktorer som ligger på företagsnivå snarare än endast faktorer på individnivå. Beroende på analysmetod finner vi därefter att ungefär 20-30 procent av lönepremien kan förklaras av graden av konkurrens om arbetskraften inom lokala branscher. Även om detta samband gäller för alla inkomstsegment, finner vi slutligen att graden av konkurrens har störst påverkan på toppinkomstnivåer inom lokala arbetsmarknader (över den 90:e percentilen). Våra resultat går alltså att tolka som att lokal arbetsgivarkoncentration även påverkar inkomstojämlikheten inom lokala arbetsmarknader.

City size, employer concentration, and wage income inequality

Halvarsson, D., & Korpi, M.

Publiceringsår

2025

Publicerat i

Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy (IFAU)

Sammanfattning

This study investigates the relationship between the urban wage premium and employer concentration using Swedish full population employer-employee data. Departing from an AKM modeling framework to distinguish worker from firm specific heterogeneity – a measure of rent-sharing – we then measure the urban wage premium using differences in the estimated firm fixed effects at the level of local industries, nested within local labor markets. Our results suggest that labor market employer concentration, as calculated using the Hirschman-Herfindahl index and a leave-one-out instrumental variable design, can account for a significant share of the estimated urban wage premium (UWP). Addressing city-level wage income inequality by applying our model to different segments of the local labor market income distribution, we find that while the UWP pertains to all income segments, it is largest for top-income levels (above the 90th percentile), and within this segment employer concentration also has the largest explanatory power. Thus, while being an important explanatory factor for all percentiles of the local income distribution, a relatively lower employer concentration within larger cities, and vice versa, higher concentration within smaller cities, primarily help explain the variance of top wages within these cities/labor markets.

Ratio Working Paper No 363: City Size, Employer Concentration, and Wage Income Inequality

Korpi, M., & Halvarsson, D.

Publiceringsår

2023

Publicerat i

Rati Working Paper Series.

Sammanfattning

In this paper, we build upon a monopsony framework, suggested by Card et. al. 2016, which links firm level productivity and rent-sharing to wage inequality. Specifically, our research questions address i) to which extent labor market concentration across firms (within different types of locally situated industries) affects variation in wages among workers within these firms and industries, and ii) how this variation in turn spills over into economy-wide inequality (measured at the level of local labor markets). Using linked employer-employee full population data for Sweden, and an AKM modelling framework to separate between worker- and firm-level heterogeneity, our results suggest that higher firm-level fixed effects (a measure of rent-sharing) is associated with lower labor market employer concentration, something which affects average wage income among firms accordingly. Addressing wage income inequality by applying our model to different segments of the local labor market income distribution, we find that reduced average employer concentration in larger cities accounts for almost all variation in the (positive) link between city size-and wage inequality, except for the largest metropolises where it captures around 30-50 percent of variation depending on the income segment that we focus on.