Christina Öberg

In the interest of the nation: Swedish fika

Publiceringsår

2024

Publicerat i

International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science

Sammanfattning

This commentary explores the untapped potential of incorporating Swedish fika into culinary culture and gastronomy tourism, emphasizing its significance in destination branding and product value offerings. It integrates the social, temporal, spatial, and symbolic aspects of Swedish fika from a multidisciplinary perspective, to provide a holistic view that can guide the exploration of culinary culture and daily practices into enhancing perceived values across offerings. Described as a national interest, Swedish fika is deeply intertwined with values of democracy, open atmospheres, and agenda-free meetings, creating positive associations in branding

The importance of network studies on mergers and acquisitions

Publiceringsår

2024

Publicerat i

D. R. King & O. Meglio (Eds.), A research agenda for mergers and acquisitions (pp. 123–142). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Sammanfattning

Merger and acquisition (M&A) research can benefit from methods incorporating networks, which consist of three or more interconnected actors, as analytical units. I highlight the significance of networks for future research. By conceptualizing business transactions within a network framework, a deeper understanding of how M&As are influenced by and influence other business transactions is possible, as is the role of social networks and capital for M&As. For example, it recognizes the importance of considering the reactions of others for performance outcomes and how social networks impact likelihoods for M&As. Adopting networks as analytical units in M&A studies uncovers new motives, integration challenges, and performance measures. Network effects exist across the M&A process, as power dynamics influence negotiations with suppliers or positioning an acquiring firm relative to its competitors. Integration also involves managing reactions that either enhance or hinder efficiency gains. Performance encompasses reactions and their effects.

Exploring the interplay of corporate and ecosystem change

Publiceringsår

2024

Publicerat i

Journal of Strategy and Management

Sammanfattning

Purpose – Corporate changes not only impact the firms involved but also have consequences for their ecosystems. However, the existing literature on ecosystem change is limited. This paper describes and discusses the interconnected patterns between corporate and ecosystem change, shedding light on the various forms these changes take.

Design/methodology/approach – The empirical part of the paper is based on the case study of two previously merged organizations’ separation.

Findings – The paper reveals intensifying and dissipating change patterns, illustrating the linkages between rapid and gradual corporate and ecosystem changes within and across various ecosystem spheres. Three spheres are conceptualized: sphere of control, sphere of interdependency and sphere of negotiation, each indicating a separate change pattern.

Originality/value – The contribution of this paper lies in its discussion on interconnected corporate and ecosystem changes, offering valuable insights for situating corporate change within the ecosystem and establishing a vocabulary for ecosystem change. Moreover, through the empirical study of a corporate divorce, the paper enhances our understanding of this specific form of change.

A Typology on Business Model Integration

Publiceringsår

2024

Publicerat i

Thunderbird International Business Review

Sammanfattning

Currently, we are witnessing firms engaging in acquisitions to explore new business models. However, despite operating within similar industry sectors, integrating these business models can be challenging. Beyond the mere integration of operational aspects, this paper argues that business model integration should encompass two crucial dimensions: the integration of market architectural strategies and the assimilation of mindsets that drive market operations. The paper constructs a typology for business model integration, grounded in the integration of market architectural strategies, and mindsets and illustrates the types through international acquisition examples. The paper contributes to existing research by exploring integration within the context of business model acquisitions. The division into market architectural strategies and mindset advances past understanding of business models. The conceptualization of “value-creation culture” extends the boundaries of past acquisition research and underscores the significance of mindsets associated with new business models.

Sharing economy models and sustainability: Towards a typology

Publiceringsår

2024

Publicerat i

Journal of Cleaner Production

Sammanfattning

The sharing economy was initially beckoned as a facilitator of exchanges that would not compromise future needs and held great promise for those at the lower end of the socioeconomic pyramid. However, as the sharing economy expanded, questions about its sustainability emerged. This expansion manifested in two main forms: an influx of new users and providers into existing operations and the emergence of new platforms, resulting in a proliferation of sharing economy models. By categorizing these models based on their resource utilization, this paper establishes a connection between scalability and compromised sustainability, shedding light on the interplay between the two. The paper identifies seven distinct configurations in the sharing economy: co-use, re-use, repeated use, sustainable output, pooling of resources, and products and services created specifically for individual users. These configurations serve as a tool to uncover the tensions between scalability and coordination, as well as between sustainability and provision. The paper contributes to prior research by bringing attention to how the sharing economy is entangled in these tensions and by developing a typology. Understanding how these tensions can be resolved presents a highly significant practical contribution, allowing stakeholders in the sharing economy to navigate the challenges of scalability and sustainability effectively.

Does the freelance economy promote creative freedom?

Publiceringsår

2024

Publicerat i

Journal of Management & Organization

Sammanfattning

This paper builds on the creation of new ways of organizing work, where the freelance economy specifically targets the increasing number of skilled self-employed individuals collaborating for shared output. Through describing and discussing creativity within the freelance economy, this paper seeks to understand creativity in collaborations among these self-employed individuals. Drawing from a case study conducted in the advertising sector, the paper concludes that creativity within the freelance economy occurs between equal and inherently creative freelancers rather than being the product of individual traits, despite their respective skills. Creativity between individuals arises when processes are appropriately formalized, while the creative output is constrained by individual decisions and styles. The paper contributes to existing research by shedding light on the distinctive characteristics of the freelance economy and its paradoxical organizational nature. By doing so, it offers insights that contrast with prior studies on artistic creativity.

Degbey, W. Y., Pelto, E., Öberg, C., & Carmeli, A.

Customers driving a firm’s responsible innovation response for grand challenges: A co‐active issue‐selling perspective.

Publiceringsår

2023

Publicerat i

Journal of Product Innovation. Management.

Sammanfattning

Grand challenges vary across industries and call for firms to craft a responsible innovation response to effectively address them. However, key questions concerning why firms embrace responsible innovation and the process by which they respond to grand challenges have yet to be fully answered. We integrate an issue-selling theoretical lens and the customer role from an innovation perspective to theorize about the different influencing motives that customers exert on their corresponding supplying firm to craft a more responsible innovation response to grand challenges. Based on qualitative data collected in almost a 10-year period from multiple respondents across eight customer firms and two supplying firms, we identify three core motives—regulatory, business opportunity, and socio-environmental motives—that propel customers to influence supplying firms to craft different forms of responsible innovation responses. Our research also reveals three vital socio-human capital pathways—human capital, socio-behavioral, and relationship—which, in turn, foster a co-active engagement in addressing grand challenges innovatively and responsibly. In so doing, this research advances novel theorizing on co-active engagement in responsible innovation where the customer acts as the primary champion and the supplier as the implementer. We discuss the important implications for customers and other stakeholders.

Towards a typology of sharing economy business model transformation

Publiceringsår

2023

Publicerat i

Technovation, 123, 102722.

Sammanfattning

The development of the sharing economy has resulted in a plethora of sharing economy business models. This paper takes its motivation from the increased variety of sharing economy business models to develop a typology of sharing economy business model transformations. It does so through creating a timeline of the sharing economy development, capturing business model configurations as activity systems along that development, and tracing mechanisms affecting sharing economy business model transformations. The paper thereby interlinks the sharing economy development on the phenomenon level with transformations of its business models. The paper contributes to past research by presenting a systematic account of the development of the sharing economy and its resulting business model configurations and by developing a typology focusing on the types of changes that have transformed the sharing economy business models and resulted in the plethora of business models.

The article can be accessed here.

Geissinger, A., Laurell, C., Öberg, C., & Sandström, C.

Social media analytics for innovation management research: A systematic literature review and future research agenda

Publiceringsår

2023

Publicerat i

Technovation, 123, 102712.

Sammanfattning

New trends in innovation management may require new research methods. Social media analytics (SMA)—a method for capturing and analyzing data from user-generated content published on online platforms—has emerged as a complement or even alternative to more traditional research methods. This article systematically reviews and assesses the use of SMA and its potential for innovation management research. Our results show that use of SMA is still in an emergent phase, although it has become increasingly popular over the past decade. Our literature review illustrates that SMA provides new opportunities for innovation management scholars to enhance customer-, market-, technology-, and society-focused innovation research in several ways. In this paper we develop a research agenda and suggest areas for future research using SMA in innovation management.

The article can be accessed here.

Pelgander, L., Öberg, C., & Barkenäs, L.

Trust and the sharing economy

Publiceringsår

2022

Publicerat i

Digital Business, 100048.

Sammanfattning

Trust is intimately connected with relational interactions, but does it also have a role to play in transactional exchanges? How would it differ? While trust has been discussed extensively in sharing economy research, the focus has been on trust cues created in exchanges between strangers, thereby approaching trust empirically rather than theoretically. Focusing on user trust, this paper investigates how trust constructs from relational interactions manifest in the sharing economy. This paper bridges sharing economy research with trust as a theoretical construct to investigate the well-established variables of ability, benevolence and integrity as components of trust in the sharing economy. The paper is based on a questionnaire survey of 175 users of Uber’s co-driving service UberPop. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted focusing on user trust in the platform and providers. The findings indicate how trust in transactional exchanges is shaped differently compared with trust in relational interactions. User trust in providers, which diminishes over time, is based on emotional traits, while user trust in the platform is based on functional components. The platform and providers thereby complement each other in terms of the trust created. This paper contributes to research on trust by focusing on trust in transactional exchanges, and to research on the sharing economy by investigating trust based on theoretical constructs.

Fotiadis, T., Lindgreen, A., Siomkos, G. J., Öberg, C., & Folinas, D.

Industrial Marketing

Publiceringsår

2022

Publicerat i

Industrial Marketing. SAGE.

Sammanfattning

An introductory textbook on industrial marketing and supply chain management that discusses industrial products and pricing, as well as key topics such as co-creation of value, big data, innovation, green practices and CSR.

The textbook includes:

The marketing philosophy on industrial markets
The characteristics of industrial markets
The marketing mix and the product life cycle
The issues surrounding distribution and operations including value creation, business relationships and networks
Case studies and mini case studies (vignettes)

This textbook is suitable for students studying industrial marketing and other related courses at undergraduate and graduate levels.

Thomas Fotiadis is an Associate Professor of Marketing and Head of the Marketing Laboratory in the Department of Production and Management Engineering, School of Engineering at Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.

Adam Lindgreen is Professor and Head of Department of Marketing at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark and Extraordinary Professor at University of Pretoria’s Gordon Institute of Business Science, South Africa.

George J. Siomkos is Professor of Marketing at the Athens University of Economics & Business (AUEB), Director of the MSc Program in Services Management and previously Dean of the School of Business, AUEB, Greece.

Christina Öberg is Professor at CTF Service Research Center, Karlstad University and associated with the Ratio Institute, Sweden.

Dimitris Folinas is Professor in the Department of Supply Chain Management at International Hellenic University, Greece.

Episodic supply chains at times of disruption

Öberg, C. (2022).

Publiceringsår

2022

Publicerat i

Supply Chain Management: An International Journal.

Sammanfattning

Purpose

Additive manufacturing has been described as converting supply chains into demand chains. By focusing on metal additive manufacturing as a contemporary technology causing ongoing disruption to the supply chain, the purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss how incumbent firms act during an ongoing, transformational disruption of their supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews and secondary data, along with seminars attracting approximately 600 individuals operating in metal additive manufacturing, form the empirical basis for this paper.

Findings

The findings of this paper indicate how disruption occurs at multiple positions in the supply chain. Episodic positions as conceptualised in this paper refer to how parties challenged by disruption attempt to reach normality while speeding the transformational disruption.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to previous research by theorising about episodic positions in light of a supply chain disruption. The empirical data are unique in how they capture supply chain change at the time of disruption and illustrate disruptive, transformational change to supply chains. The paper interlinks research on disruption from the innovation and supply chain literature, with contributions to both.

Lagin, M., Håkansson, J., Nordström, C., Nyberg, R. G., & Öberg, C.

Last-mile logistics of perishable products: a review of effectiveness and efficiency measures used in empirical research

Publiceringsår

2022

Publicerat i

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 50(13), 116-139.

Sammanfattning

Purpose

Current online business development redistributes last-mile logistics (LML) from consumer to retailer and producer. This paper identifies how empirical LML research has used and defined logistic performance measures for key grocery industry actors. Using a multi-actor perspective on logistic performance, the authors discuss coordination issues important for optimising LML at system level.

Design/methodology/approach

A semi-systematic literature review of 85 publications was conducted to analyse performance measurements used for effectiveness and efficiency, and for which actors.

Findings

Few empirical LML studies exist examining coordination between key actors or on system level. Most studies focus on logistic performance measurements for retailers and/or consumers, not producers. Key goals and resource utilisations lack research, including all key actors and system-level coordination.

Research limitations/implications

Current LML performance research implies a risk for sub-optimisation. Through expanding on efficiency and effectiveness interplay at system level and introducing new research perspectives, the review highlights the need to revaluate single-actor, single-measurement studies.

Practical implications

No established scientific guidelines exist for solving LML optimisation in the grocery industry. For managers, it is important to thoroughly consider efficiency and effectiveness in LML execution, coordination and collaboration among key actors, avoiding sub-optimisations for business and sustainability.

Originality/value

The study contributes to current knowledge by reviewing empirical research on LML performance in the grocery sector, showing how previous research disregards the importance of multiple actors and coordination of actors, efficiency and effectiveness.

The article can be accessed here.

Öberg, C., & Lundberg, H.

Mechanisms of knowledge development in a knowledge ecosystem

Publiceringsår

2022

Publicerat i

Journal of Knowledge Management, 26(11), 293-307.

Sammanfattning

Purpose
Although ecosystems have been researched extensively over the past decade, we know little about how they should be organised. Focusing on a knowledge ecosystem comprising a university and a regional strategic network (RSN), this paper aims to describe and discuss the mechanisms for knowledge development in knowledge ecosystems.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper studies the integration of a university into a Swedish RSN. Data were collected through interviews with representatives of the university, the RSN and all firms comprising the RSN. A qualitative content analysis helped to detect mechanisms for knowledge development.

Findings

Two reinforcing mechanisms for knowledge development in the knowledge ecosystem are identified: structure and openness, which relate to insight and outlook, respectively. The findings also indicate a knowledge division, with the university representing the transfer of knowledge capabilities as a linear process, whereas the content-related knowledge is collaborative.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to research on knowledge ecosystems by describing how their organisation is based on a number of contradictions (structure and openness, insight and outlook, linearity and collaboration) to accomplish the development of knowledge capabilities and content-related knowledge.

The study can be accessed here.

Öberg, C., & Aronsson, H. (2022).

The fair trade of environmental effects and regional disparities

Publiceringsår

2022

Publicerat i

Industrial Marketing Management, 105, 311-321.

Sammanfattning

Regional economic disparity and environmental sustainability are two prioritized areas of societal concern. By focusing on how societal support and company ambitions influence firms’ decisions, this paper reveals the tension between environmental sustainability and attempts to create a balance between regions. The paper describes the consequences of allocation of environmental effects for and of regional economic disparity and thereby highlights a dualistic causality. A case study illustrates the point by focusing on transportation and location decisions. The paper concludes that the delicate dilemma of allocating environmental effects is a matter of balancing various interests, hence indicating a paradox. The paradox extends between regional economic disparity and environmental sustainability but also between societal concerns and firms’ decisions. The paper contributes to the debate on sustainability by indicating that allocation of environmental effects is not as straightforward as corporate social responsibility suggests. The paper also contributes to research on regional economic disparities by indicating that focusing attention on environmental effects may have regional consequences and thereby potentially threaten other goals set by society.

The article can be read here.

Geissinger, A., Laurell, C., Öberg, C., Sandström, C., & Suseno, Y.

The sharing economy and the transformation of work

Publiceringsår

2022

Publicerat i

Personnel review.

Sammanfattning

Abstract
Purpose

This article explores the various stakeholders’ perceptions of the ways digital work is organised within the sharing economy and the social implications of the transformation of work.
Design/methodology/approach

Applying social media analytics (SMA) concerning the sharing economy platform Foodora, a total of 3,251 user-generated content was collected and organised throughout the social media landscape in Sweden over 12 months, and 18 stakeholder groups were identified, discussing digital work within seven thematic categories.
Findings

The results show that the stakeholder groups in the Swedish context primarily expressed negative views of Foodora’s way of organising digital work. The social media posts outlined the distributive and procedural justice related to the working conditions, boycott and protests and critical incidents, as well as the collective bargaining of Foodora.
Originality/value

By utilising a novel SMA method, this study contributes to the extant literature on the sharing economy by providing a systematic assessment concerning the impact of the sharing economy platform on the transformation of work and the associated social consequences.

Geißinger, A., Pelgander, L., & Öberg, C.

The identity crisis of sharing: from the co-op economy to the urban sharing economy phenomenon

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

In A Modern Guide to the Urban Sharing Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Sammanfattning

This chapter explores the disparities between the two main dimensions of the contemporary Sharing Economy. On the one side, non-market collaborative economy actors are shaping the community orientation. On the other side, the market-oriented platform economy utilizes commercial interest in cities based on the scalability of ‘peer’ users and providers. It is within this tension that the chapter aims to illustrate how today’s sharing economy got into an identity crisis. By drawing on the literature of organizational identity, we utilize five different sharing economy actors across the market/non-market continuum in Sweden to discover who they are and what societal impact they envision. The chapter discusses how over time, sharing economy actors seem to have moved from a co-operative, non-commercial model of sharing to instead focus on a commercial sharing approach in a predominant urban setting. We end the chapter by initiating a general debate about the future of the peer-to-peer sharing idea.

Buy the book here.

Geißinger, A., Pelgander, L., & Öberg, C. (2021). The identity crisis of sharing: from the co-op economy to the urban sharing economy phenomenon. In A Modern Guide to the Urban Sharing Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Entrepreneurship and Regional Development

The matter of locality: Family firms in sparsely populated regions

Lundberg, H. & Öberg, C.

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

This paper explores the interaction and interdependence between family firms and sparsely populated regions. Interactivity underlines the dynamics of the setting and how it changes based on activities between the firm and the context, whereas interdependence refers to how the family firm and the region become mutually reliant on one another. Five case studies show that while the firms act under similar conditions in terms of disparity, their interplay with and dependence on the region differ. The study points to how the citizenship of the family firms is fundamental and how employment is at the heart of the interdependence, while those firms interacting most strongly with the region are those expanding beyond what would be expected by a family firm in terms of traditions and risk aversion. This again indicates a complex pattern of interactivities and interdependencies between family firms and sparsely populated regions. The paper provides important dimensions to theories on family firms’ local contexts specifically related to under-researched settings of sparsely populated regions and important implications for managers, public actors and policy makers, not the least related to support to such contexts.

Spin-in and spin-out for growth – On the acquisition and divestiture of high-tech firms

Journal of Organizational Change Management

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose: This paper describes and discusses company spin-ins and spin-outs as a means to understand company growth in a dynamic context. The following question is asked: How can growth be understood in spin-ins and spin-outs of innovative firms? The paper suggests return on capabilities as a measure to understand growth in an open innovation context.

Design/methodology/approach: The empirical part of the paper consists of a single case study. Data was captured through interviews and secondary data sources.

Findings: The paper points to that resources alone do not explain strategic decisions by a company and how spin-ins and spin-outs result from the need for capabilities, changes in business foci and temporary solutions to deal with overcapacities or lack of alternatives.

Originality/value: The paper contributes to research by discussing contemporary issues in strategy and innovation and relating them to the resource-based view and the growth of the firm. Spin-outs, and acquisitions and divestitures as interlinked events have rarely been focused on in the literature, while they remain frequent phenomena in practice.

Daunfeldt, S.-O., Moradi, J., Rudholm, N., Öberg, C.

Effects of employees’ opportunities to influence in-store music on sales: Evidence from a field experiment

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services

Sammanfattning

The effects of in-store music on consumer behavior have attracted much attention in the marketing literature, but surprisingly few studies have investigated in-store music in relation to employees. By conducting a field experiment in eight Filippa K fashion stores in Stockholm, Sweden, we investigate whether it is beneficial for store owners to give employees more opportunities to influence the in-store music. We randomly assigned the stores into a treatment group and a control group, with the employees in the treatment stores having the opportunity to influence the in-store music through an app developed by Soundtrack Your Brand (SYB). The experiment lasted 56 weeks and sales data were also gathered 22 weeks before the experiment, resulting in a total of 4626 observations. Our results show that sales decreased by 6% when the employees had the opportunity to influence the music played in the store, and the effect is driven by a reduction in sales of women’s clothing. Interviews with the employees revealed that they had diverse music preferences, frequently changed songs, and preferred to play high-intensity songs. Employees thus seem to make choices regarding the in-store music that reduce sales, implying that store owners might want to limit their opportunities to influence the background music.

Fontana, E., Öberg, C., Poblete, L.

Nominated procurement and the indirect control of nominated sub-suppliers: Evidence from the Sri Lankan apparel supply chain

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Journal of Business Research

Sammanfattning

This article describes and discusses nominated procurement as a means through which buyers select sub-suppliers to achieve sustainability compliance upstream in emerging economies’ supply chains. Hence, it critically examines the ways buyers articulate nominated procurement and the unfolding supply chain consequences. Based on in-depth interviews and fieldwork in the Sri Lankan apparel supply chain, the findings indicate that buyers accomplish sustainability compliance among their sub-suppliers while prioritizing their own business agenda. In doing so, however, buyers perpetuate “suboptimal compliance” of raw material suppliers and “sandwiching” of direct suppliers as harmful consequences on the supply chain. These consequences link theoretically with commercial, geographical, compliance and extended-compliance pressure. This article contributes to the advancement of the Sustainable Supply Chain Management literature by theorizing about nominated procurement, direct and indirect pressure, and pointing to the supply chain consequences beyond achievements in sustainability compliance.

Open marketing – Conceptualizing external parties’ strategic marketing activities

Technology Innovation Management Review 10 14-27

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Open marketing as conceptualized in this paper refers to how external parties take part in strategic, integrative marketing activities. To distinguish this more recent trend in marketing from traditional meanings of marketing, the paper provides a typology on roles and role keepers in marketing. Four types of roles and role keepers are outlined: marketing as 1) solely being performed by actors in the supplier company communicating offerings, 2) an activity shared among functions of the supplier company, 3) external parties communicating offerings, and 4) external parties contributing to strategic marketing. Using the concept of ‘roles’ in marketing helps to structure activities and actors – or roles and role keepers – and provides a basis for understanding that marketing results from what is done, not merely from who performs it. The paper underlines how new ways of conducting business also have implications for a company’s marketing beyond its borders.

Öberg, C., Dahlin, P. & Pesämaa, O.

Tension in networks

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Tension refers to contradictions and mostly implies any two parties disagreeing. This paper extends the lens from tension on dyadic levels to describe it in the smallest of networks: the triad. Adopting a multiple-case study methodology illustrating triadic relationships in three different settings, the paper points to how tension may occur among firms in a triad, relate to two of them, or involve all three parties. In the handling of tension and opposed to the dyadic relationship, a single party cannot easily disconnect from all its network parties, and the network discussion thereby contextualises the discussion on tension, while putting focus on the dynamics of tension. As the findings indicate, the handling may, namely, lead to new tension on a dyadic or triadic level. Compared to studies grasping tension as contradictions between two parties and thereby as a research contribution, this present study indicates how the tension may “move” around the network as initial tension is dealt with. If tension is handled through diffusion specifically, including the connection with new parties, it suggests to without exception lead to new tension, while coalition leads to decreased tension in the triad.

Technology Innovation Management Review

A conceptual development of a business model typology in tourism: the impact of digitalization and location

Linton, G. & Öberg, C.

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

This paper aims to conceptually develop a business model typology in tourism. It focuses on digitalization and destination location as important contextual factors when developing the typology. The paper builds on prior research on business models and tourism research by adopting configuration theory to create a typology of business models in tourism businesses. Four business model archetypes are identified: (1) bricks and mortar business models, (2) digitalized destinations, (3) create a destination, and (4) intermediary business models. The typology contributes to the literature by identifying different types of business models in the tourism sector. The typology also helps to ground the business model concept theoretically, something that has been considered as missing in previous business model research.

Disruptive and paradoxical roles in the sharing economies

International Journal of Innovation Management

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

The sharing economy could be said to disrupt who does what in exchanges. This paper categorises the roles played by users, providers, and platforms in different interpretations of the sharing economy. It asks: What different roles do the users, providers, and platforms play in the sharing economy? And: How do the roles differ in various interpretations of the sharing economy? The paper classifies the different interpretations based on their market/non-market logic and concludes that roles are more extensive for users and providers in non-market logic interpretations, while market logic suggests that the platform acts more roles. The user is, despite the peer-to-peer connotation of the sharing economy, often quite passive. Contributions are made to the emerging literature on the sharing economy through highlighting its many different interpretations, where roles help to systematise these. The paper furthermore contributes to the literature on roles through highlighting them as transitory and expanding beyond expectations related to digitalisation. Practically, the systematisation of roles helps to navigate among various business model designs and makes informed decisions when launching platforms in the sharing economy. Additionally, the focus on roles raises important questions on risk sharing, resource provisions, and the creation of value for each participating party.

Geissinger, A., Laurell, C., Öberg, C., Sandström, C. & Suseno, Y.

Assessing user perceptions of the interplay between the sharing, access, platform and community‐based economies

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Information Technology & People

Sammanfattning

Purpose
Digitally intermediated peer-to-peer exchanges have accelerated in occurrence, and as a consequence, they have introduced an increased pluralism of connotations. Accordingly, this paper aims to assess user perceptions of the interplay between the sharing, access, platform, and community-based economies.

Design/methodology/approach
The sharing, access, platform, and community-based economies have been systematically tracked in the social media landscape using Social Media Analytics (SMA). In doing so, a total material of 62,855 publicly posted user-generated content concerning the four respective economies were collected and analyzed.

Findings
Even though the sharing economy has been conceptually argued to be interlinked with the access, platform, and community-based economies, the empirical results of the study do not validate this interlinkage. Instead, the results regarding user perceptions in social media show that the sharing, access, platform, and community-based economies manifest as clearly separated.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to existing literature by offering an empirical validation, as well as an in-depth understanding, of the sharing economy’s interlinkage to other economies, along with the extent to which the overlaps between these economies manifest in social media.

Women on board: The disregarded issue of board interlocks

Gender in Management: An International Journal

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose
Gender diversity is extensively debated and researched in relation to corporate boards. The focus on the gender composition on single boards neglects an important issue: that of how the power of board members is impacted by their representation on other boards. Board interlocks refer to how a board member is also represented on other companies’ boards, and such representation expectedly makes the individual board member more influential in the boardroom than non-connected board members. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether and how female board interlocks are considered in previous research on gender diversity on boards.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature review was conducted. It comprised 71 highly cited articles. The articles were analyzed to grasp their content, and specifically, female influence in the boardroom related to power.
Findings
The literature review reveals that the interlock perspective is rare in studies on women’s board representation. This is so, even while evidence is provided that females often need companions to get their meanings across on the boards, despite how interlocks would create one link of such power, and although the literature points to how female board representation plays a part to explain performance, social responsibilities and overall strategic directions of firms.
Originality/value
Contributions are made to previous research by indicating the potential of further research in a largely neglected area of research while also summarizing the previous reporting on women on boards.

Öberg, C., Klinton, M. & Stockhult, H.

Inside the incubator – business relationship creations among incubated firms

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose
Incubators, as providers of advice and resources, suggest fostering the development of early-idea firms. Literature and practice seem to suggest an ever-increasing amount of incubator support. The creation of business relationships is at the heart of any business development, and this paper addresses whether a laissez-faire incubator fosters the creation of business relationships. The purpose of this paper is to explore the creation of business relationships among incubated firms during and after their time in the incubator along with the roles that these relationships play for the incubated firms.

Design/methodology/approach
Empirically, the paper is based on retrospective interviews with representatives of all incubated firms in a university incubator. A total of fifteen interviews were conducted with representatives of the incubated firms, the incubator and its owners, complemented by secondary data sources.

Findings
The paper points out three antecedents for business relationship creation: the lack of experience and connections; convenience; and trust based on the interactions with others in the incubator. These antecedents are connected to the roles of transforming businesses and of adaptation in the dyadic relationships. The laissez-faire incubator helped through the learning-by-doing among the incubated firms, which made them focus on business relationship creation from early on.

Originality/value
Most incubator research portrays the unilateral transfer of knowledge from the incubator to the incubated firm, with the latter being a service taker rather than a co-producer. The paper adds knowledge about business relationships among firms in incubators and the roles that these business relationships could play for the firms. The focus on an incubator providing limited support is of high practical relevance, given the trend of incubators facilitating more and more services.

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights

Can you balance the gaps? Ambidexterity in service firms

Öberg, C. & Kollberg, B.

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose
Ambidexterity refers to the ability to balance contradictory items and has been extensively described in relation to technological advancement in large-sized manufacturing firms. Few studies on hospitality and tourism firms have described the balancing of innovative developments, often focusing on the operational level of firms. Ambidexterity could though be understood also in dimensions of customer/market development and collaborative interaction. This paper describes and discusses ambidexterity in the dimensions of technological advancement, customer/market development and collaborative interaction in service firms to inspire this debate and bridge the gap between strategy and the service field.

Design/methodology/approach
A case study describing a service firm’s 25-year development functions as the empirical source of inspiration to understand how service firms also in tourism and hospitality sectors would work with strategies and their developments related to technology, customers and collaboration. The case study is analysed using an activity-based time schedule to capture dimensions of ambidexterity and how they are linked to one another.

Findings
The findings indicate how the service firm balanced exploitation and exploration over time, rather than allowing such activities to occur simultaneously and in parallel. Generally, the firm only managed to explore in one dimension at the time.

Originality/value
The paper broadens the lens on ambidexterity to include collaboration and customer involvement and the link among the various dimensions of ambidexterity. It also discusses how ambidexterity in these dimensions may be handled by service firms so as to inspire strategic developments among tourism and hospitality firms.

Laage-Hellman, J., Lind, F., Öberg, C. & Shih, T.

Interactions between university spin-offs and academia: A dynamic perspective

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the nature and dynamics of the interaction between university spin-offs (USOs) and academia.

Design/methodology/approach
The theoretical framework is grounded in an interactive view based on the industrial marketing and purchasing literature on USOs and their development. The concepts of activity links, resource ties and actor bonds are used as a starting point for capturing the content and dynamics of the interaction. The empirical part of the paper consists of four case studies captured through interviews as the main data source and analysed to conclude how the interaction between the USO and academia developed over time.

Findings
The study identifies a multi-faceted and dynamic content of the interaction. The paper discerns and discusses research and development links, knowledge and equipment ties and social, legal, financial and organizational bonds with inventors, other academic partners and innovation support organizations. The dynamics are manifested both through changes within individual relationships and by adding/ending relationships. One main conclusion regards the existence of wave-like patterns of interaction with academic partners driven by the USOs’ needs and the establishment of customer relationships.

Originality/value
Most of the previous research has described a linear process in which the USO leaves academia once the idea has been transferred to a company. This paper contrasts this view by developing and using an analytical framework to capture the dynamic and continuous interaction between USO and academia.

Geissinger, A., Laurell, C., Öberg, C., Sandström, C., Sick, N. & Yuliano, S.

Social media analytics for knowledge acquisition of market and non-market perceptions in the sharing economy

Publiceringsår

2021

Publicerat i

Journal of Knowledge Management

Sammanfattning

Purpose
Using the case of Foodora, this paper aims to assess the impact of technological innovation of an emerging actor in the sharing economy through stakeholders’ perceptions in the market and non-market domains.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a methodological approach called social media analytics (SMA) to explore the case of Foodora, 3,250 user-generated contents in social media are systematically gathered, coded and analysed.

Findings
The findings indicate that, while Foodora appears to be a viable provider in the marketplace, there is mounting public concern about the working conditions of its employees. In the market domain, Foodora manages its status as an online delivery platform and provider well, but at the same time, it struggles with its position in the non-market sphere, suggesting that the firm is vulnerable to regulatory change. These insights highlight the importance of simultaneously exploring and balancing market and non-market perceptions when assessing the impact of disruptive innovation.

Originality/value
This study offers originality by providing an integrative approach to consider both the market and non-market domains. It is also novel in its use of SMA as a tool for knowledge acquisition and management to evaluate the impact of emerging technologies in the sharing economy.

The shape of female board representation

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Female board representation is increasingly debated in research and practice. This paper problematises how board representation as such may not be the issue, but rather how well nested the women are: that is, whether there is a difference in board members’ representation on multiple boards between women and men and how this affects the woman’s influence, or power, on a particular board. This paper relates such representations not only to whether women hold several board positions, but also to the shape of the network that the multiple representations create. The paper points at how the power of women on boards varies with (1) the existence of few or many interlocks on the board, (2) the number of representations held by the female board member, (3) the fragmented or large network that the female board member is part of, and (4) whether the network consists of direct or indirect links.

Aramo-Immonen, H., Carlborg, P., Hasche, N., Jussila, J. J., Kask, J., Linton, G., Mustafee, N., & Öberg, C.

Charting the reach and contribution of IMP literature in other disciplines: A bibliometric analysis

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Industrial Marketing Management 47-62

Sammanfattning

The acknowledgement of a research tradition by other disciplines shows its contribution to the development of the broader body of scientific knowledge. This paper investigates the contribution of IMP (Industrial Marketing and Purchasing) research to broader research disciplines by analyzing how researchers within and beyond IMP have cited core IMP articles. First, through quantitative bibliometric analysis, the paper identifies the diffusion to other research disciplines. Thereafter, through qualitative analysis, the impact of the IMP perspective is captured to understand how strong these imprints are. The analyses show that IMP research has been noticed among a range of adjacent research disciplines. However, the use of IMP references has generally been rudimentary, and without a deeper understanding of the IMP ontology, meaning that IMP still has some “weak ties” to the other disciplines. Establishing IMP’s contribution through enduring imprints would need further engagement with researchers from other research disciplines and publications in top journals. The paper contributes empirically with how the IMP perspective has spread beyond the IMP Group and theoretically by adding insight into how research ideas travel and transform to other disciplines.

Öberg, C., & Alexander, A.

The openness of open innovation in ecosystems

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Open innovation has rendered increased interest both in practice and research, and has expanded from dyadic transfers of ideas, to ecosystem levels. Knowledge is at the heart of open innovation, and this paper describes and discusses knowledge-transfer linkages for open innovation. It does so based on a literature review. The paper links together open innovation research with general management research to categorise and discuss linkages among parties in terms of their openness and how they relate to knowledge management. Conclusions indicate that openness needs to be considered in different dimensions that also links to different knowledge management outcomes. The paper’s contribution consists of how it connects open innovation research to the general management literature, and how it builds a practical understanding of how linkages between firms can be categorised to aid firms to consider which mechanisms they may choose and why.

Geissinger, A., Laurell, C., Öberg, C. & Sandström, C.

Tracking the Institutional Logics of the Sharing Economy

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

Belk, R., Eckhardt, G. & Bardhi, F. (Red.)

Sammanfattning

With the radical growth in the ubiquity of digital platforms, the sharing economy is here to stay. This Handbook explores the nature and direction of the sharing economy, interrogating its key dynamics and evolution over the past decade and critiquing its effect on society.
Using an interdisciplinary perspective, this Handbook analyses labour, governance, trust and consumption in the contemporary sharing economy. It questions the apparent contradiction between its components: the moral economy of small-scale communal sharing versus the far-flung reaches of the market economy. Chapters explore ways to resolve this paradox, theorizing hybrid economic forms and considering the replacement of human trust inherent in the sharing economy with a transactional reputation economy. Featuring a variety of both conceptual explorations and empirical investigations in a variety of different cross-cultural contexts, this Handbook illustrates how and, more importantly, why the sharing economy has reshaped marketplaces, and will continue to disrupt them as it develops.
Written in an accessible style, this thorough Handbook offers crucial insights for researchers across a variety of disciplines interested in the trajectories of modern consumption and market development, as well as students studying the sharing economy. Practitioners, policy makers and public speakers working in and around the sharing economy will also benefit from this book’s unique analysis of trends in consumer and market economics.

Additive manufacturing – digitally changing the global business landscape

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

European Journal

Sammanfattning

Purpose: Additive manufacturing, that is, layer-based manufacturing technologies, is thought to change supply chain operations from global to local, while also affecting design processes and product structures. As this transformation happens, a power struggle among various actors relating themselves to additive manufacturing has emerged. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and explain the development of additive manufacturing from a power dependence point of view.

Design/methodology/approach: The paper is based on data collected from a number of seminars hosting a total of 620 industry experts representing 102 companies in the area, and reflecting every step of the supply chain.

Findings: The paper points out how measures to deal and create power imbalances occur also related to indirect parties, and how the disruptive character of the supply chain leads to exercised power.

Originality/value: The power struggle provides new insights into how an emerging technology is realised and the effect of protectionism on such attempts. Specifically related to additive manufacturing, the paper illustrates the business side from various actors’ point of view, which adds to technological perspectives on additive manufacturing, as well as studies viewing the supply chain from a bird’s-eye perspective.

The role of innovation metrics in innovation systems

International Journal of Innovation

Publiceringsår

2020

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

In innovation systems, venture firms, incubators and science parks may interact with universities to achieve commercialisable output. These various parties are connected to different guiding performance metrics — measures on each party’s performance — that influence their behaviours. This paper illustrates and discusses the role of performance metrics among various parties in innovation systems connected with early research ideas from universities. The empirical part of the paper is based on interviews with 20 researchers and 10 representatives of various innovation system organisations in an EU-based research project. The paper points out how parties in the innovation process saw different reasons to participate which were strongly connected with how each party was evaluated and which caused sub-optimisation in behaviours. Previous research on innovation systems has not focused on the rationales and behaviours of parties. The focus on metrics targets an important point for understanding innovation processes involving several parties and specifically doing so for support organisations that cannot be measured on revenues or profits.

On the verge of disruption: Rethinking position and role – The case of additive manufacturing

Öberg, C. & Shams, T.

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose: With the overarching idea of disruptive technology and its effects on business, this paper focuses on how companies strategically consider meeting the challenge of a disruptive technology such as additive manufacturing. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss changes in positions and roles related to the implementation of a disruptive technology.

Design/methodology/approach: Additive manufacturing could be expected to have different consequences for parties based on their current supply chain positions. The paper therefore investigates companies’ strategies related to various supply chain positions and does so by departing from a position and role point of view. Three business cases related to metal 3D printing – illustrating sub-suppliers, manufacturers and logistics firms – describe as many strategies. Data for the cases were collected through meetings, interviews, seminars and secondary data focusing on both current business activities related to additive manufacturing and scenarios for the future.

Findings: The companies attempted to defend their current positions, leading to new roles for them. This disconnects the change of roles from that of positions. The changed roles indicate that all parties, regardless of supply chain positions, would move into competing producing roles, thereby indicating how a disruptive technology may disrupt network structures based on companies’ attempts to defend their positions.

Originality/value: The paper contributes to previous research by reporting a disconnect between positions and roles among firms when disruption takes place. The paper further denotes how the investigated firms largely disregarded network consequences at the disruptive stage, caused by the introduction of additive manufacturing. The paper also contributes to research on additive manufacturing by including a business dimension and linking this to positions and roles.

European Journal of Marketing

Why “Majors” Surge in the Post-Disruptive Recording Industry

Kask, J. & Öberg, C.

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose: The recording industry has gone through a far-reaching disruption, but the major record companies from the past continue to surge. The following question is addressed: Why has disruption in the recording industry not followed the patterns of generic examples from other sectors? The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain why the digital disruption does not lead to the disruption of all types of companies.

Design/methodology/approach: This longitudinal study is based on a large set of secondary sources combined with in-depth interviews in Sweden’s recording industry.

Findings: Findings indicate that when customers turn to streaming, the major record companies’ direct control of which music the consumer is exposed to increases. This main finding contrasts statements that streaming services would facilitate peer-to-peer sharing activities between music customers and make record companies redundant. The major record companies have remained at a prosperous position due to the control of valuable content and marketing assets, as well as asymmetric interdependency among parties in the supply chain.

Research limitations/implications: The recording industry is different to many other sectors based on the latent value of catalogues, and the conclusions drawn from this paper should thereby not be taken for granted for other industries.

Practical/implications: Findings suggest that by “reading” the development of the industry and understanding what key resources create dependencies and revenue flows, managers would be better at tackling disruption.

Originality/value: The paper contributes to previous literature by describing how incumbent companies survive and even prosper post-disruption. It adds to the understanding of the digitalization of the recording industry and points at how dependencies help to understand disruption.

The role of business networks for innovation

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

A business network consists of directly and indirectly connected companies, where social and economic ties help to understand these connection. Innovations could be seen to relate to business networks in two ways: they may result from interaction between business partners, or they would need to fit into, or through changes to interaction patterns among various business partners, be fitted into new or current business networks. In the literature on innovation, the incremental, radical, or disruptive characteristics of the innovations are frequently described as degrees of newness. This paper categorizes characteristics of business networks based on their role to create various types of innovations, and based on the various types’ consequences for the business network. The empirical part of this paper is based on six case-study examples from interviews performed by the author. The findings suggest links between the type of innovation, and the role of the network and network consequences. The paper contributes to previous research through discussing the role of business networks for various types of innovation. Furthermore, the paper contributes to previous research through indicating the various types of innovations’ consequences for the business network. Most previous research on business networks and innovation only concerns itself with how various parties participate in idea generation and co-development of innovations, while the consequences for the business network is not described extensively.

Geissinger, A., Laurell, C., Öberg, C., & Sandström, C.

How sustainable is the sharing economy? On the sustainability connotations of sharing economy platforms

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

Journal of Cleaner Production

Sammanfattning

The sharing economy has evolved and spread to various sectors of the economy. Its early idea linked to the creation of more sustainable uses of resources. Since then, the development of the sharing economy has included a professionalization with self-employed suppliers rather than peers, and the question is whether the platforms following this development maintain the focus on sustainability. This paper describes and classifies the sustainability connotation of sharing economy platforms. It analyses 121 platforms derived through social media analytics to figure out whether they describe themselves as sustainable. The findings suggest that the sustainability connotation closely connects to specific sectors such as fashion, on-demand services and logistics. Meanwhile, the dominant role model platforms do not communicate about being sustainable. These findings contribute to previous research through (1) giving a systematic empirical account on the way various sharing economy platforms describe themselves in terms of sustainability, (2) pointing out the differences among the platforms, and (3) indicating the diversity in sustainability connotation among various sectors of the economy.

Asnafi, N., Shams, T., Aspenberg, D. & Öberg, C.

3D Metal Printing from an Industrial Perspective—Product Design, Production, and Business Models

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatsheft

Sammanfattning

This paper is focused on automotive stamping tools and dies as well as the impact of 3D metal printing and metals related 3D-printing on design and production of such tools and dies. The purpose has been to find out the current industrial potential of 3D-printing as far as lead time, costs, shapes, material usage, metal piece size, surface roughness, hardness, strength, and machinability are concerned. The business transformational impact of 3D-printing is also addressed in this paper. The obtained results show that the lead time can be halved, the costs are somewhat higher, and the strength, hardness, surface roughness, and machinability of the 3D-printed metallic tools and dies are as good as those of the conventionally made. The maximum size of a metal piece that can be 3D-printed today by Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is, in the best case, 500 mm × 500 mm × 500 mm. 3D-printing can also be used for the pattern to make the mold box in iron and steel casting. It is also possible to eliminate the casting pattern, since the mold box can be 3D-printed directly. All this has started to have a large business impact, and it is therefore of great significance to outline and execute an action plan almost immediately.

Liu, Y., Öberg, C., Tarba, S., & Xing, Y.

Brand management in mergers and acquisitions

Publiceringsår

2018

Publicerat i

International Marketing Review

Sammanfattning

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to focus on emerging market companies that internationalize into advanced economies by means of acquisitions and to investigate brand management during post-acquisition integration from a multi-level perspective and to identify how a brand management strategy can be constructed. It takes into account the influences of country-of-origin image, corporate brand and brand portfolio to obtain a granular view of post-acquisition brand management.

Design/methodology/approach: A multiple case study approach was adopted. By using case studies and storytelling qualitative research methods, the empirical setting was related to the acquisitions undertaken by Chinese companies in Germany.

Findings: The authors identified three mechanisms for brand management in the post-acquisition integration of emerging market companies – namely, transferring, dynamically redeploying and categorizing – that underpin the interconnection and combined influence of country-of-origin image at the national level, corporate brand at the organizational level and brand portfolio at the product level.

Practical implications: Brand has been viewed as a strategic asset in Chinese cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Brand management is a dynamic process that involves learning and interaction between the acquirer and target. The research offers a practical guideline for both acquirers and targets in managing brand in the context of acquisitions undertaken by emerging market companies in advanced economies.

Originality/value: The findings provide important insights into the brand management strategies adopted in Chinese cross-border M&As in particular, and emerging market companies venturing into advanced economies in general. The interlinking of country, company and product levels introduces new ideas to the brand literature related to acquisitions, and the setting of Chinese companies acquiring German ones constitutes an important contribution to the understanding of the different ways in which companies from emerging economies may pursue branding strategies in the context of cross-border M&As.

The dynamics of proximity in multiple-party innovation processes

Publiceringsår

2018

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose: Proximity – that is, the closeness of parties – has been increasingly emphasized in studies on innovation networks. The idea of closeness has been discussed in relation to geographic proximity, and has also been referred to as knowledge overlaps and shared understandings between parties. In most of the studies dealing with proximity in relation to innovation networks, a static analysis is pursued. Such an analysis marks how the closeness or distance, often with the conclusion that parties should not be too close or too distant, is measured against innovation outcome at a specific point in time. However, innovation processes would include how parties increasingly converge in their knowledge and understanding, and how they may co-locate their businesses. The purpose of this paper is to discuss proximity in relation to multiple-party innovation processes and their development over time.

Design/methodology/approach: The empirical part of this paper consists of a single case study on an innovation community and its development process. The development of the innovation community over time, whether and how geographic, knowledge and cognitive proximity is affected, and the outcome in terms of number of innovations, their newness (incremental or radical innovation), and variety are discussed in the paper.

Findings: Findings indicate how geographic proximity leads to more knowledge overlaps, while it is not a prerequisite for it. Rather, it is in the commitment processes partly connected to cognitive proximity that knowledge increasingly converges, indifferent to the co-location of parties. The speed of such processes, however, is higher if parties co-locate. The commitment processes lead to an increased number of innovations, while these innovations become more and more similar. To avoid increased overlaps of knowledge and thereby maintain the production of a variety of innovations, interaction needs to occur through the introduction of new parties and the termination of previous interaction patterns. This, however, occurs at the cost of commitment, and the knowledge thereby becomes less developed and used in its capacities.

Originality/value: The paper contributes to previous research through discussing proximity in innovation networks in a processual manner. The link between various proximities and their effect on innovation outcome sheds light on how proximity, as discussed in various literature streams, often relates to similar issues that converge around the issue of commitment.

How do top-management principles affect international acquisition processes?

Publiceringsår

2018

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Most acquisition studies try to find all-embracing explanations as to how an acquisition and its integration are handled, rather than seeing the acquisitions as embedded in the management of the company. This paper links acquisitions to the management of the specific company through relating acquisitions to the management principles of the acquirer. It thereby sheds light on the specificity, rather than generalisability, of acquisitions. Management principles refer to the underlying ideas of the company, its values, and ways to pursue business. The paper asks: How could a companys management principles be understood in an acquisition process? A single, particular case study constructs the empirical part of the paper: Toyotas first cross-continental acquisition. The paper links the handling of the acquisition and integration to the well-known Toyota Way. The paper contributes to previous literature through discussing an acquisition process as embedded in the overall management of the company and points to the specificities rather than the commonalities in acquisition processes.

Pesämaa, O., Dahlin, P., & Öberg, C.

Reduction of tension effects on partner evaluation

Publiceringsår

2018

Publicerat i

Marketing Intelligence & Planning

Sammanfattning

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine how tension management as a means of achieving compromise and overcoming minor conflicts reduces the effects of the opportunism and bargaining costs of relationships on the evaluation of business partners. The paper proposes and tests a theoretical model with a full-information approach using structural equation modeling.

Design/methodology/approach: The data set was based on 312 observations from a unique survey based on a business-to-business relationship sample in Sweden. The measurements reflect the effects of partner opportunism, bargaining costs, and tension management on partner evaluations.

Findings: The findings corroborate that partner opportunism and bargaining costs have a negative impact on partner evaluation. In addition, the model shows that tension management weakens the negative effects of opportunism and bargaining costs on the evaluation.

Originality/value: This study offers evidence on how negative effects are reduced through intervening constructs. With most studies focusing on the positive side of relationships, this paper makes an important contribution to the literature through not only describing negative effects, but also how these can be decreased.

A typology of post-M&A marketing integration

International Journal of Comparative Management 1

Publiceringsår

2018

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

The merger and acquisition (M&A) literature remains scarce on descriptions about marketing integration. The few M&A studies focusing on marketing integration describe a one-type-fits-all integration. This paper develops a typology on marketing integration. The typology departs from the continuum between standardized products and customized services, and the continuum between transactional and relational exchanges with customers. Literature reviews and qualitative case studies functioned as data sources for the typology. The findings denote how the integration varies greatly, both in terms of degree of integration and in what could successfully be integrated based on variations in offerings and customer interactions. The paper contributes to the M&A literature and the previous scarce literature on marketing related to M&As.

Customer roles in M&A integration

International Studies of Management & Organization

Publiceringsår

2018

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

The article describes and discusses what roles customers play in M&A integration. Based on studies of eight domestic and international M&As, it is concluded that customers may: (1) limit integration intentions; (2) be reasons for pre-integration reconsiderations; (3) be used as an argument against integration; (4) not act according to integration intentions; and (5) actively work against integration. Customers’ actual activities, as well as how the M&A parties believe and argue that customers will act, impact the integration. The article highlights how integration is an embedded activity where actions, assumptions and argumentation impact integration. The findings contribute to research on M&As by pointing to how customers impact decisions and outcomes in M&A integration, and by describing integration as an iterative process with several impacting parties.

Social and economic ties in the freelance and sharing economies

Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship

Publiceringsår

2018

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

New ways of organizing businesses, such as the freelance and sharing economies, may bring entirely new meaning to those fundamental ideas that are believed to underpin business exchanges. Through the lens of social and economic ties, this paper sets to address how these new ways of organizing business change the view on business exchanges. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the role of social ties in the freelance and sharing economies. The paper adopts a multiple case study approach to illustrate the structural, cognitive, and relational dimensions of social and economic ties in the freelance and sharing economies. Findings point at how networks are increasingly emphasized, while at the same time, the relational dimension of social ties is altered for transactional platforms. There is also the disconnection between the economic ties and the social ties as the payment and delivery solutions become more and more complex. Un-socialization, a new meaning of trust, and a second platform-driven cycle of entrepreneurship indicate new ideas to current understandings of business exchanges and entrepreneurship.

Baraldi, E., Havenvid, M., Linné, Å., & Öberg, C.

Start-ups and networks: interactive perspectives and a research agenda

Publiceringsår

2019

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

This article introduces Industrial Marketing Management’s special issue on start-ups and networks. To begin with, we stress the relevance of understanding the context wherein entrepreneurship unfolds – a context filled with social, technical and economic connections to which the start-up needs to relate. We also present and confront three network perspectives which bring different insights to the interplay between start-ups and networks: Social Network (SN) theory, the Industrial Marketing & Purchasing (IMP) view, and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Next, we introduce the 12 papers of this special issue and place them on a continuum covering a start-up’s process of network embedding and including the three periods of establishment, consolidation and stabilization. We conclude with a research agenda suggesting five avenues for further research: (1) tracing start-ups’ process of network embedding, (2) mapping the connections between the different networks affecting a start-up, (3) grasping the negative effects of networks on start-ups, (4) making longitudinal case studies on start-ups and networks more comparable via common analytical tools, and (5) investigating how policy influences the complex interplay between start-ups and networks.

Öberg, C., Graham, G., & Hennelly, P.

Smart cities: A literature review and business network approach discussion on the management of organisations

Publiceringsår

2017

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Purpose: The smart city idea refers to new ways of organising city functions and urban life, which are believed to move production and consumption from global to local, manufacturing from competitive to collaborative, and business from a shareholder to a multiple-stakeholder point of view. Most previous research has focussed on the societal level of smart cities, while less seems to be known about the management of business as part of smart cities. The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review on the state of the art of management research on smart cities. The following research question is addressed: How has previous research captured the management of organisations in smart cities?

Design/methodology/approach: A literature review using the search term “smart city/cities” in research on business, management, and operational management was conducted for the purpose of capturing previous research. Findings were coded based on main ideas, central concepts, and theories, thematic content of the articles related to the main ideas underpinning smart cities (digitalization, urbanisation, and sustainability as antecedents, and local, collaborative and multiple-stakeholder manufacturing as indicators), and units of analysis.

Findings: The paper points to how most studies on the management of organisations as part of smart cities focus on sustainability and how digitalisation enables new businesses. Collaborative efforts are emphasised and the theoretical framing is fragmented. Issues related to the organising of business is also not problematised and the business network approach could, as discussed in the paper, provide valuable insights related to the collaborative efforts of organisations and the multiple-stakeholder perspective.

Originality/value: The paper is the first to capture and present an overview of previous research on the management of business as part of smart cities. Research on smart cities has focussed on the policy and societal levels, and so far there is a lack of problematisation on how organisations may act, and potentially change their way of acting, should smart cities become a reality.

Nyckeltal: Verktyg för att analysera, påverka och utveckla verksamheter

https://www.studentlitteratur.se/#9789144107929/Nyckeltal/

Publiceringsår

2017

Publicerat i

Studentlitteratur

Sammanfattning

Nyckeltal – verktyg för att analysera, påverka och utveckla verksamheter handlar om nyckeltal i olika former. Boken fokuserar inte enbart på hur standardiserade nyckeltal beräknas utan tar upp hur nyckeltal kan och  bör anpassas, hur egna nyckeltal kan konstrueras utifrån verksamhetsbehov och hur nyckeltal bör och inte bör användas i ett företag.

Nyckeltal utgör centrala mätvärden för företag och används för att följa upp och analysera verksamheten. De finns i årsredovisningar och de efterfrågas i företagets interna kommunikation. Denna bok börjar i grunderna men fortsätter bortom skolboksexempel och standardiserade beräkningar. På detta sätt skapas förståelse för hur nyckeltal bör hanteras och ett kritiskt förhållningssätt till standardiserade nyckeltal och styrning med hjälp av nyckeltal. Ett avsnitt i boken hanterar därtill nyckeltal i offentlig verksamhet.

Boken vänder sig främst till studenter i företagsekonomi på universitetsnivå men även till egenföretagare, resultatansvariga för olika verksamhetsgrenar samt ekonomer inom företaget.

Läs mer och köp boken hos Studentlitteratur.

Making Sense of Local Customer Relationships in Cross-border Acquisitions

Managing Culture and Interspace in Cross-border Investments

Publiceringsår

2017

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Excerpt: This chapter deals with sensemaking in the context of customer relationships in cross-border acquisitions. Its specific focus is on the local customer relationships of acquired parties, highlighting the differences in sensemaking that exist between local customers, local representatives of the acquired parties and strategic managers of the acquirer. Sensemaking is concerned with how individuals understand a situation (Weick 1987), which in the context of this chapter refers to both the acquisition and subsequent integration.

How Innovation Impacts Artistic Creativity – Managing Innovation in the Creative Sector

The Role of Creativity in the Management of Innovation

Publiceringsår

2017

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

This paper describes and discusses how innovation impacts creativity in the advertising sector. It points to the double meaning of creativity — as innovativeness and as artistic skills — and indicates a tension between the two. Empirical illustrations consist of two case studies from the advertising sector. These point to how innovations (in terms of adaptation of new technology) negatively impact artistic creativity. Contextual factors creating a need for new technology did have an impact, and meant that companies became increasingly competitive and roles became unclear. On the company level, innovation caused knowledge gaps, increased formalization, and expanded the division of work. Contribution is made to research on the management of creativity by suggesting how innovation impacts artistic creativity. Furthermore, the discussion on company level creativity contributes to research on the advertising sector, since the literature has foremost discussed creative processes of individual campaigns.

Journal of Organizational Change Management

Gap analysis for innovative firm acquisition – acquirer and acquired party perspectives

Öberg, C., & Leminen, S.

Publiceringsår

2017

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Companies often aspire to create advantages for their businesses through acquisitions. Their participation has increasingly been documented to include different motives for acquirers, while focusing less on the ambitions of acquired parties with the acquisitions. This paper highlights differences in intentions and expectations between acquirers and acquired parties in terms of gaps. The paper also discusses the handling of such gaps. In the paper, we specifically focus on acquisitions of innovative firms. Four case studies illustrate gaps between the acquirers and the acquired parties. We conclude that gaps may be present from the start as latent gaps, and become activated in integration or as the consequence of non-integration decisions. Gaps between the acquirer and the acquired party may be further manifested in external parties’ reactions to the integration. The handling of gaps emphasizes a transition time and communication about expectations between the acquirer and the acquired party.

Transferring acquisition knowledge – sources, directions, and outcomes

Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management

Publiceringsår

2017

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

The literature has described knowledge transfer in terms of how companies advance their merger and acquisition activities through experience. This indicates a knowledge transfer from one acquisition to the next, with the acquiring party being the carrier of such knowledge. The present paper adds to this view through pointing out how knowledge on how to acquire, and how to integrate, follows also from other parties and their experiences. The paper discusses and classifies sources, directions, and outcomes of knowledge transfer on acquisitions from a stakeholder point of view. Focus is on external stakeholders, and knowledge is divided between knowledge on acquiring and knowledge on integrating, thus dealing with the pre- and post-merger stages of acquisitions. The paper adopts a multiple case study research design to illustrate its point. While the individual acquisitions are interconnected through the acquirer or acquired party being the same company, indications are that knowledge on how, when, and what party to acquire and how to integrate (degree, direction, timing, and function) follows from external stakeholders and their previous experiences. The findings suggest that knowledge on acquiring follows from general knowledge on sector levels, while specific parties – including customers, competitors, and the acquired party – are the sources of knowledge on integration. Knowledge on acquiring is imitative, while knowledge on integrating rests more on the external stakeholders’ failures.

Hasche, N., Linton, G., & Öberg, C.

Trust in open innovation – the case of a med-tech start-up

Publiceringsår

2017

Publicerat i

European Journal of Innovation Management

Sammanfattning

Purpose: The literature has shown great interest in open innovation (OI), and also discussed its degree of openness based on, for example, the number of parties involved. Less is known, however, about what makes OI processes work. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the importance of trust in OI, and the paper specifically focusses on a start-up company’s OI processes with collaboration parties. The paper points out how a lack of trust antecedents may disable such OI processes.

Design/methodology/approach: The empirical part of the paper consists of a case study on a medicine technology start-up. Interviews and analyses of secondary sources made up the main data capturing methods. Each collaboration between the start-up and another party is analysed through three trust antecedents: contractual, competence based, and goodwill.

Findings: The paper shows how either party may have chosen to discontinue the collaboration, based on the lack of competence or goodwill antecedents to trust. Specifically, the case indicates how the start-up discontinues the collaboration based on a perceived lack of goodwill, while the collaboration party bases its decision on competence deficits by the start-up.

Originality/value: The paper contributes to previous research through describing OI related to start-ups, and introducing trust antecedents as prerequisites for OI. To the literature on trust, trust mutuality makes a research contribution.

University spin-offs and their commercialisation through acquisition

International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business

Publiceringsår

2016

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

This paper discusses commercialisation through the acquisition of university spin-offs and its various outcomes based on resource and capability reconfigurations. The paper takes the university spin-offs perspective on the issue, meaning that it captures what happens with the university spin-off in terms of resource and capability configurations and the potential opening of new development paths as a consequence of the acquisition. Findings point to an increased gap between resources and capability use as the consequence of the acquisition. While resources may be added to the spin-off to fill resource gaps, the university spin-off is not helped but rather constrained in its use of its capabilities, and new capabilities may not be developed or added related to the added resources. Regardless of resource reconfigurations, the only obtained commercialisation is if the acquirer starts buying from the spin-off. The paper contributes to previous research through its focus on acquisitions of university spin-offs, and in its wider sense to literature on the commercialisation of research ideas.

Acquisitions and Open Innovation – A Literature Review and Extension

Mergers and Acquisitions, Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Publiceringsår

2016

Publicerat i

Sammanfattning

Researchers have shown increased interest in open innovation – that is, the inflow and outflow of ideas, or the collaborative efforts of innovating – while previous research on acquisitions of innovative firms has foremost focused on the inflow only. Open innovation, however, introduces several new challenges related to acquisitions of such firms, not the least related to intellectual property rights and innovative skills that may be distributed among several parties. This paper explores what issues the literature on open innovation and acquisitions deals with related to acquisitions in open innovation Environments.
A systematic literature review is conducted to achieve the purpose of the paper. Two main questions are addressed. First, how can acquisitions be understood in relation to open innovation? Second, what does the open innovation literature say on matters of distributed innovations in relation to acquisitions?
The paper concludes that there is a quite limited amount of research concerning itself with open innovation and acquisitions combined. Furthermore, acquisitions are for the most part seen as a means to reach innovation in transaction-based transfers between parties.
With acquisitions of innovative firms, in general, being seen as an important means to reach new ideas, while open innovation is on the rise, the juxtaposing of these phenomena would be of high practical and theoretical relevance to study further.

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