Karl Wennberg

Andersson, F. W., Mutgan, S., Norgren, A., & Wennberg, K.

Seeking opportunity or socio-economic status? Housing and school choice in Sweden

Publication year

2025

Published in

Urban Studies, 62(2), 367-386.

Abstract

Residential choices and school choices are intimately connected in school systems where school admission relies on proximity rules. In countries with universal school choice systems, however, it remains an open question whether families’ residential mobility is tied to the choice of their children’s school, and with what consequences. Using administrative data on all children approaching primary-school age in Sweden, we study to what extent families’ financial and socio-economic background affects mobility between neighbourhoods and the characteristics of schools chosen by moving families. Our findings show that families do utilise the housing market as an instrument for school choice over the year preceding their firstborn child starting school. However, while families who move do ‘climb the social ladder’ by moving to neighbourhoods with more households of higher socio-economic status, their chosen schools do not appear to be of higher academic quality compared to those their children would otherwise have attended.

Read the article here.

Wittberg, E., Erlingsson, G. Ó., Wennberg, K.

Does local government corruption inhibit entrepreneurship?

Publication year

2024

Published in

Small Business Economics, 62(2), 775-806

Abstract

The dominant ‘sand in the wheels’ view holds that entrepreneurship is strongly inhibited by corruption. Challenging this, the ‘grease the wheels’ view maintains that corruption might increase entrepreneurship in highly regulated economies. We extend the basic predictions of these theories by examining entrepreneurs’ start-up decisions, as well as their location choices, in a seemingly low-corruption environment: Swedish municipalities. Combining a validated index of corruption perceptions in local government with population data on new entrepreneurs, nested logit models reveal that even in a low-corruption setting such as Sweden, perceptions of corruption can deter latent entrepreneurs. We also find that a minority of entrepreneurs relocate from their home municipalities to establish their start-ups elsewhere. Surprisingly and contrary to expectations, these relocating entrepreneurs often relocate from relatively low-corruption municipalities to others that are more corrupt. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.

Batbaatar, M., Larsson, J. P., Sandström, C., & Wennberg, K.

The state of the entrepreneurial state: Empirical evidence of mission-led innovation projects around the globe. In Moonshots and the New Industrial Policy (pp. 125–143)

Publication year

2024

Published in

In Moonshots and the New Industrial Policy (pp. 125–143). Springer.

Abstract

This chapter reviews theoretical rationales for mission-oriented innovation policy and provides an empirical overview of extant 28 papers and 49 cases on the topic. We synthetize varieties of mission formulations, actors involved, and characteristics of missions described as more or less failed or successful. Fifty-nine percent of the studied missions are still ongoing, 33 percent are considered successful, and 8 percent as failures. Sixty-seven percent of the studied missions have taken place in Europe, 24 percent in North America, and 8 percent in Asia. The majority of innovation projects referred to as missions do not fulfill the criteria defined by the OECD. Results suggest that missions related to technological or agricultural innovations are more often successful than broader types of missions aimed at social or ecological challenges. Challenges regarding the governance and evaluation of missions remain unresolved in the literature. We find no case that contains a cost-benefit analysis or takes opportunity cost into account.

Batbaatar, M., Larsson, J. P., Sandström, C., & Wennberg, K.

How Fares the Entrepreneurial State? Empirical Evidence of Mission-Led Innovation Projects Around the Globe

Publication year

2024

Published in

Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 19(8), 664-772.

Abstract

While considerable efforts have been made to conceptualize and outline the theoretical and normative logic of mission-oriented innovation policies and the role of the entrepreneurial state, there is a stark lack of empirical studies concerning how missions are designed and executed, and when they may work or do not. This monograph reviews theoretical rationales for mission-oriented innovation policy and provides an empirical overview of 30 articles which together cover 51 concluded or ongoing missions from around the world. We synthetize varieties of mission formulations, actors involved, and analyze characteristics of missions described as more or less failed or successful. Among the projects analyzed, many do not fulfill common definitions of “innovation missions.” Missions related to technological or agricultural innovations seem more often successful than broader types of missions aimed at social or ecological challenges, and challenges in the governance and evaluation of missions remain unresolved in the literature. None of the mission cases contain a cost-benefit analysis or takes opportunity cost into consideration.

Batbaatar, M., Larsson, J. P., Sandström, C., & Wennberg, K.

Working Paper No. 368: The State of the Entrepreneurial State: Empirical Evidence of Mission-Led Innovation Projects around the Globe

Publication year

2023

Published in

Working Paper No. 368.

Abstract

This paper reviews theoretical rationales for mission-oriented innovation policy and provides an empirical overview of extant 28 papers and 49 cases on the topic. We synthetize varieties of mission formulations, actors involved, and characteristics of missions described as more or less failed or successful. 59 percent of the studied missions are still ongoing, 33 percent are considered successful and 8 percent as failures. 67 percent of the studied missions have taken place in Europe, 24 percent in North America and 8 percent in Asia. The majority of innovation projects referred to as missions do not fulfill the criteria defined by the OECD. Results suggest that missions related to technological or agricultural innovations are more often successful than broader types of missions aimed at social or ecological challenges. Challenges regarding the governance and evaluation of missions remain unresolved in the literature. We find no case that contains a cost-benefit analysis or takes opportunity cost into account.

Lerpold, L., Sjöberg, Ö., Wennberg, K.

Migration, Integration, and the Pandemic

Publication year

2023

Published in

Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19153-4_1

Abstract

This chapter serves as an introduction to the volume Migration and Integration in a Post-Pandemic World: Socioeconomic Opportunities and Challenges and is a broad and selected overview of the socioeconomic field of international migration and integration as we knew it before the Covid-19 pandemic. It sets the stage for exploring how the critical event of the virus impacted and may continue to impact our understanding of diverse macro-, meso-, and micro-level challenges and opportunities in migration and integration. The chapter motivates the purpose of the volume, as well as the structure of the 15 chapters and their individual contributions ranging from migration over time, transnationalism, migration policies and implementation, the role of trade unions and civil society actors, country-of-origin sector sorting and required skills, along with immigrant discrimination and vaccine hesitancy among migrant groups.

Lerpold, L., Sjöberg, Ö., & Wennberg, K.

Migration and Integration in a Post-pandemic World: Socioeconomic Opportunities and Challenges

Publication year

2023

Published in

Springer.

Abstract

Provides a multidisciplinary perspective on migration. Contains empirical discussions that can inform policy discussions. Explores the changes to migration brought about from the COVID-19 pandemic. This book is open access, which means that you have free and unlimited access.

Kazlou, A., & Wennberg, K.

Skill Requirements and Employment of Immigrants in Swedish Hospitality

Publication year

2023

Published in

Migration and Integration in a Post-Pandemic World: Socioeconomic Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

This chapter examines sorting of workers from various immigrant groups in Sweden into sectors and jobs comparing these patterns to jobs held by natives in the same sectors. A specific focus is put on the skill composition of jobs and how this differs among migrants’ and natives’ job sorting. We use matched data on jobs, employers, and workers in Swedish hospitality, construction, and retail sectors to document patterns of country of origin-based segmentation. Results show that immigrants primarily enter routine jobs requiring a higher level of technical skills compared to natives who are more often found in non-routine jobs requiring interpersonal skills. In construction and retail, immigrants and natives work mostly in non-routine jobs. These stark patterns of job segregation suggests that education and training efforts among migrant workers should consider the acquisition of language and interpersonal skills in addition to formal training and education.

Hellerstedt, K., Uman, T., & Wennberg, K.

Fooled by diversity? When diversity initiatives exacerbate rather than mitigate inequality

Publication year

2022

Published in

Hellerstedt, K., Uman, T., & Wennberg, K. (2022). Fooled by diversity? When diversity initiatives exacerbate rather than mitigate inequality. Academy of Management Perspectives.

Abstract

This article analyzes and critically discusses the business case logic of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) initiatives. We highlight the value-in diversity logic for organizations and compare this with both the recent logic of power activism driven by internal and external lobbying and the classical moral justice logic originating in the civil rights movement,showing how the concepts of diversity, equity, and inclusion are seen differently in research and advocacy as organizational inputs, sought-for outputs, or as a context for social change…

Batjargal, B., Jack, S., Mickiewicz, T., Stam, E., Stam, W., & Wennberg, K.

Crises, Covid-19, and Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2023

Published in

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.

Abstract

This virtual special issue includes research on the effects of crises, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic, on entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial responses to deal with consequences of crises. This issue highlights how crises affect entrepreneurs’ well-being and reinforce the importance of agency of entrepreneurs and other citizens. The special issue also highlights the need for resilience; the ability of entrepreneurs, organizations, and economies to absorb and adapt to shocks; and how it can be strengthened. We discuss the importance of data in times of crisis and the greater need for engaged scholarship.

The article can be accessed here.

Collin, E., Sandström, C., & Wennberg, K.

Evaluating Evaluations of Innovation Policy: Exploring Reliability, Methods, and Conflicts of Interest

Publication year

2022

Published in

Questioning the Entrepreneurial State, 157.

Abstract

Expansions of innovation policies have been paralleled with an increase in the evaluations of such policies. Yet, there are few systematic evaluations of how such evaluations are conducted, by whom, and their overall conclusions. We analyze 110 evaluations of innovation policy in Sweden from 2005 to 2019. Our findings show that the majority of these evaluations are positive, about one-third are neutral in their conclusions, and very few are negative. The majority of evaluations were conducted by consulting firms, close to one-third by expert government agencies, and around 10% by university researchers or as self-evaluations by the governmental agencies responsible for the policy themselves. Few evaluations employed causal methods to assess the potential effects of policies. We discuss conflicts of interest and question the reliability of evaluations of innovation policy.

Liss, E., Korpi, M., & Wennberg, K.

Absolute income mobility and the effect of parent generation inequality: An extended decomposition approach

Publication year

2023

Published in

European Economic Review, 152, 104359.

Abstract

We use full-population data to study trends in intergenerational absolute income mobility, measured as the ratio of children earning more than their parents, for 11 Swedish cohorts born 1972-1983. Absolute mobility during this period increases from 72% to 84% for men and from 76% to 86% for women-higher figures than in most other countries studied. To explain these results, we outline a novel decomposition strategy that accounts for cohort variation in parent-generation income inequality. All else equal, if income inequality is higher in the parent generation, more economic growth is required to achieve any given level of absolute mobility. We discuss implications for comparative research in intergenerational income mobility.

Brattström, A., & Wennberg, K.

The Entrepreneurial Story and its Implications for Research

Publication year

2022

Published in

Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 46(6), 1443-1468.

Abstract

Research is not merely report-writing; it also involves elements of storytelling. In this essay, we reflect on two narrative archetypes in entrepreneurship research: the stories of entrepreneurship as a road to salvation and means to emancipation. We outline a framework to analyze research from a storytelling perspective, apply this framework to identify implicit assumptions and methodological biases in mainstream research, and discuss how a storytelling framework can be used to generate alternative stories. We argue for a more empirically grounded research agenda that continues the development of entrepreneurship research into a rich and diverse field.

Learning from Their Daughters: Family Exposure to Gender Disparity and Female Representation in Male-Led Ventures

Publication year

2022

Published in

Management Science.

Abstract

Wu, Z., Naldi, L., Wennberg, K., & Uman, T. (2022). Learning from Their Daughters: Family Exposure to Gender Disparity and Female Representation in Male-Led Ventures. Management Science.

Yttermyr, O., & Wennberg, K.

Psychological ownership development in new venture teams

Publication year

2022

Published in

International Small Business Journal, 40(3), 307-335.

Abstract

Psychological ownership (PO) is important for organisational climate and outcomes, yet, little is known about collective forms of PO in emerging entrepreneurial teams. Based on an in-depth study of a new venture team over three years, we sketch a process model of collective PO development. While studies on individual PO in established organisations highlight individual needs in triggering processes of PO development, our study indicates the importance of temporal, role-based, and input-based alignment of interpersonal processes for the emergence of collective PO in new venture teams. We discuss insights for research on new venture teams and research on small groups.

Wismans, A., van der Zwan, P., Wennberg, K., Franken, I., Mukerjee, J., Baptista, R., ... & Thurik, R.

Face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: how risk perception, experience with COVID-19, and attitude towards government interact with country-wide policy stringency

Publication year

2022

Published in

BMC public health, 22(1), 1-14.

Abstract

Background

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, governments imposed numerous regulations to protect public health, particularly the (mandatory) use of face masks. However, the appropriateness and effectiveness of face mask regulations have been widely discussed, as is apparent from the divergent measures taken across and within countries over time, including mandating, recommending, and discouraging their use. In this study, we analyse how country-level policy stringency and individual-level predictors associate with face mask use during the early stages of the global COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

First, we study how (self and other-related) risk perception, (direct and indirect) experience with COVID-19, attitude towards government and policy stringency shape face mask use. Second, we study whether there is an interaction between policy stringency and the individual-level variables. We conduct multilevel analyses exploiting variation in face mask regulations across countries and using data from approximately 7000 students collected in the beginning of the pandemic (weeks 17 through 19, 2020).

Results

We show that policy stringency is strongly positively associated with face mask use. We find a positive association between self-related risk perception and mask use, but no relationship of mask use with experience with COVID-19 and attitudes towards government. However, in the interaction analyses, we find that government trust and perceived clarity of communication moderate the link between stringency and mask use, with positive government perceptions relating to higher use in countries with regulations and to lower use in countries without regulations.

Conclusions

We highlight that those countries that aim for widespread use of face masks should set strict measures, stress self-related risks of COVID-19, and use clear communication.

Banitz, T., Hertz, T., Johansson, L. G., Lindkvist, E., Martinez Pena, R., Radosavljevic, S., ... & Grimm, V.

Visualization of causation in social-ecological systems

Publication year

2022

Published in

Ecology & society, 27(1).

Abstract

In social-ecological systems (SES), where social and ecological processes are intertwined, phenomena are usually complex and involve multiple interdependent causes. Figuring out causal relationships is thus challenging but needed to better understand and then affect or manage such systems. One important and widely used tool to identify and communicate causal relationships is visualization. Here, we present several common visualization types: diagrams of objects and arrows, X-Y plots, and X-Y-Z plots, and discuss them in view of the particular challenges of visualizing causation in complex systems such as SES. We use a simple demonstration model to create and compare exemplary visualizations and add more elaborate examples from the literature. This highlights implicit strengths and limitations of widely used visualization types and facilitates adequate choices when visualizing causation in SES. Thereupon, we recommend further suitable ways to account for complex causation, such as figures with multiple panels, or merging different visualization types in one figure. This provides caveats against oversimplifications. Yet, any single figure can rarely capture all relevant causal relationships in an SES. We therefore need to focus on specific questions, phenomena, or subsystems, and often also on specific causes and effects that shall be visualized. Our recommendations allow for selecting and combining visualizations such that they complement each other, support comprehensive understanding, and do justice to the existing complexity in SES. This lets visualizations realize their potential and play an important role in identifying and communicating causation.

Essén, A., Krohwinkel, A., & Wennberg, K.

Assessing Whether Mission-Driven Innovation Makes a Difference: Mission Impossible? Developing a Guiding Framework for the Evaluation of Five Mission Driven Environments for Health in Sweden

Publication year

2022

Published in

(No. 2022: 2). Stockholm School of Economics.

Abstract

Essén, A., Krohwinkel, A., & Wennberg, K. (2022). Assessing Whether Mission-Driven Innovation Makes a Difference: Mission Impossible? Developing a Guiding Framework for the Evaluation of Five Mission Driven Environments for Health in Sweden (No. 2022: 2). Stockholm School of Economics.

Coad, A., Andersson, M., Henrekson, M., Jack, S., Stenkula, M., Thorburn, K., Wennberg, K. & Zander, I. (2022).

John Haltiwanger: recipient of the 2020 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research

Publication year

2022

Published in

Small Business Economics, 58(1), 15-25.

Abstract

The 2020 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research has been awarded to Professor John Haltiwanger. John Haltiwanger has made significant contributions to the field of entrepreneurship by improving our understanding of job creation and destruction, productivity growth, and the role of small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in economic development. He has played a major role in the careful development of large, longitudinal firm-level datasets, and introduced a novel and widely adopted measure of firm growth that addresses previous statistical biases. His work has influenced public policy and national statistical offices around the world.

Ponomareva, Y., Uman, T., Bodolica, V., & Wennberg, K.

Cultural diversity in top management teams: Review and agenda for future research

Publication year

2022

Published in

Journal of World Business, 57(4), 101328.

Abstract

Despite its growing social relevance, research on cultural diversity in top management teams (TMTs) has been sparse and fragmented. To build a firm foundation and facilitate the development of this field, we review and synthesize 106 key articles published between 1997 and 2021. Our study provides a comprehensive field map explicating the antecedents and influence of TMT cultural diversity, showing that cultural diversity constitutes a distinct and important aspect of TMT diversity that has significant implications for a variety of outcomes. By critically assessing the field, we identify key research gaps and promising areas for future research.

The article can be accessed here.

Chrisman, J. J., Neubaum, D. O., Welter, F., & Wennberg, K.

Knowledge Accumulation in Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2022

Published in

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 10422587221093321.

Abstract

As the field of entrepreneurship has grown, so has the accumulated knowledge about individual entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial ventures, and the entrepreneurial environment. The purpose of this special issue is to offer a forum for articles that used different approaches to examine the literature for the purpose of accumulating knowledge on various facets of entrepreneurship. We first provide context for the special issue and then attempt to extend the contributions of the eight articles it contains. We conclude by calling for further knowledge accumulation efforts and discussing the kinds of efforts needed to advance the state of knowledge of the field.

The article can be accessed here.

Wennberg, K. & Sandström, C.

Questioning the Entrepreneurial State

Publication year

2022

Published in

Springer

Abstract

Western economies are struggling to recover from a decade of Plagued by structural crises, an ongoing pandemic, high unemployment and sluggish growth. As progressively looser monetary and fiscal policies have not helped, both the EU and national governments have increasingly turned towards interventionist industrial policies. Mariana Mazzucato’s The Entrepreneurial State (2011) provided an intellectual justification for these efforts, and consequently gained popularity. The message was clear: in order to get more innovation, entrepreneurship, sustainable development and growth we need more government, not less. In this book, 30 international scholars address the core ideas underpinning the entrepreneurial state. We provide evidence of both historical and recent failures of “green deals” and similar efforts, while also developing novel directions for innovation policy. In many regards, this book is a warning: huge government schemes towards specific, noble outcomes have historically been plagued with failures. In sum, we argue that innovation policy needs to be inverted: instead of being specific and targeted, it needs to be broad and general, focusing on the general conditions for firms to operate. Instead of providing targeted support to certain firms, industries or even technologies, innovation policy needs to constructively deal with barriers to innovation, including the proactive handling of vested interest groups.

The book is open access and can be downloaded here.

Sjöö, K., Elert, N. & Wennberg, K.

Government-sponsored entrepreneurship education: Is less more?

Publication year

2020

Published in

International Review of Entrepreneurship

Abstract

Entrepreneurship research suggests that entrepreneurship education and training can bridge the gender gap in entrepreneurship, but little empirical research exists assessing the validity and impact of such initiatives. We examine a large government-sponsored entrepreneurship education program aimed at university students in Sweden. While a pre-study indicates that longer university courses are associated with short-term outcomes such as increased self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions, results from a more comprehensive study using a pre-post design suggest little effect from these extensive courses on long-term outcomes such as new venture creation and entrepreneurial income. In contrast, we do find positive effects on these long-term outcomes from more limited but more specific training interventions, especially for women. Our study suggests that less extensive but more tailored interventions can be more beneficial than longer or more extensive interventions in promoting entrepreneurship in general, and entrepreneurship of underrepresented groups in particular. We discuss implications for theory, education, and policy.

Klofsten, M., Lundmark, E., Wennberg, K. & Banks, N.

Incubator specialisation and size: divergent paths towards operational scale

Publication year

2020

Published in

Technological Forecasting & Social Change 151 DOI: 101016/jtechfore2019119821

Abstract

Research on incubators show that size is important in achieving efficiency and networking benefits for clients. However, little research has focused on what factors influence incubator size. We theorize and show partial support for size benefits to incubator specialization. Analyses of the relationship between size and four distinct specialization strategies in a sample of 96 European incubators show that incubator size is positively related to a strategic focus on universities and research institutes as recruitment channels and to a focus on sustainability, but unrelated to industry focus. Incubator size was found to be negatively related to a regional focus. While sustainability focused incubators tended to not find recruitment challenging, paradoxically, among those who did, the most frequently reported challenges were related to finding tenants that focus on sustainability. Post-hoc analyses revealed that tenants with a focus other than sustainability often dominate sustainability-oriented incubators, suggesting that sustainability may be more of a legitimating strategy than an explicit selection criterion.

Sebhatu, A., Wennberg, K., Arora-Jonsson, S., Stefan & Lindberg, S.I.

Explaining the homogeneous diffusion of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions across heterogeneous countries

Publication year

2020

Published in

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Abstract

We analyze the adoption of nonpharmaceutical interventions in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Given the complexity associated with pandemic decisions, governments are faced with the dilemma of how to act quickly when their core decision-making processes are based on deliberations balancing political considerations. Our findings show that, in times of severe crisis, governments follow the lead of others and base their decisions on what other countries do. Governments in countries with a stronger democratic structure are slower to react in the face of the pandemic but are more sensitive to the influence of other countries. We provide insights for research on international policy diffusion and research on the political consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Karlson, N., Sandström, C., & Wennberg, K.

Bureaucrats or Markets in Innovation Policy? – a critique of the entrepreneurial state

Publication year

2020

Published in

Review of Austrian Economics 34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-020-00508-7

Abstract

This paper takes stock of recent suggestions that the state apparatus is a central and underappreciated actor in the generation, diffusion and exploitation of innovations enhancing growth and social welfare. We contrast such a view of “the entrepreneurial state” with theories and empirical evidence of the microeconomic processes of innovation in the modern economy which focus on well-functioning markets, free entry and competition among firms, and independent entrepreneurship as central mechanisms in the creation and dissemination of innovations. In doing so, we identify several deficiencies in the notion of an entrepreneurial state by showing that (i) there is weak empirical support in the many hundreds empirical studies and related meta analyses evaluating the effectiveness of active industrial and innovative policies, that (ii) these policies do not take account of the presence of information and incentive problems which together explain why attempts to address purported market failures often result in policy failures, and that (iii) the exclusive focus on knowledge creation through R&D and different forms of firm subsidies ignores the equally important mechanisms of knowledge dissemination and creation through commercial exploitation in markets. We discuss how a more theoretically well-founded focus on the state as investing in knowledge generation and securing the conditions of free and competitive markets will lead to a more innovative economy.

Karlson, N., Sandström, C. & Wennberg, K.

Working Paper no. 331: Bureaucrats or Markets in Innovation Policy? – A critique of the entrepreneurial state

Publication year

2020

Published in

Abstract

Sebhatu, A., Wennberg, K., Lakomaa, E. & Brandén, M.

Working Paper No. 330: Work Environment and Competition in Swedish Schools, 1999-2011

Publication year

2020

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Research on schools’ work environment highlights socioeconomic conditions (SES) as primary drivers of work environment, but evidence to date is primarily limited to cross-sectional samples. Research on school competition has revealed important effects on educational outcomes, but effects on work environment are largely unknown. We bridge these literatures by studying the work environment in all Swedish junior high schools and high schools using detailed data on complaints and incidences of disorder, including violence. Comparing educational levels to gauge differences in degree of choice made possible by competition, we overall find more adverse work environment in junior high schools facing stronger school competition and with many low-SES students in either the school or the region. Conversely, we find better work environment in high schools facing stronger school competition, and in high schools with a large share of students with foreign background. To assess causal effects of competition on work environment we compare regions that introduced competition versus those that have not in a difference-in-difference framework. In such regions only complaints in high schools decrease after competition is introduced. We highlight the importance of including multiple measures of both competition and work environment.

Andersson, M., Braunerhjelm, P., Delmar, F., Rickne, A., Stenkula, M., Thorburn, K. & Wennberg, K.

Konkurrens, selektion och entreprenöriellt lärande – Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research 2019 till Boyan Jovanovic

Publication year

2019

Published in

Abstract

Denna artikel presenterar 2019 års pristagare av Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research – Boyan Jovanovic – och vilka bidrag han har gjort inom entreprenörskapsforskningen. Även om Jovanovic är en välkänd och välciterad ekonom inom akademin är måhända hans explicita bidrag inom entreprenörskapsforskningen inte lika välkända. Jovanovic har bidragit till en ökad förståelse av vem som egentligen blir entreprenör och entreprenörskapets betydelse för såväl företagsstruktur som innovationskraft och ekonomisk tillväxt.

Sandström, C., Wennberg, K. & Karlson, N.

Bureaucrats or Markets in Innovation Policy?

Publication year

2019

Published in

Stockholm: Ratio

Abstract

How can innovation best be promoted? Based on a major interdisciplinary research program
with a special focus on Sweden, paired with international research, this book shows that targeted
interventions and firm subsidies do not have the intended effects but instead creates policy failures,
government waste and rent-seeking.

Instead, innovation policy should focus on supplying the right competencies and on improving the
institutions of the market economy and the general
conditions for enterprise.

Markets rather than bureaucrats are decisive for
innovation, industrial development and growth.

Klofsten, M., Lundmark, E., Wennberg, K. & Bank, M.

Ratio Working Paper No. 326: Incubator specialization and size: divergent paths towards operational scale

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Research on incubators show that size is important in achieving efficiency and networking benefits for clients. However, little research has focused on what factors influence incubator size. We theorize and show partial support for size benefits to incubator specialization. Analyses of the relationship between size and four distinct specialization strategies in a sample of 96 European incubators show that incubator size is positively related to a strategic focus on universities and research institutes as recruitment channels and to a focus on sustainability, but not to a regional or industry focus. Paradoxically, tenants with a focus other than sustainability often dominate sustainability-oriented incubators, suggesting that sustainability may be more of a legitimating strategy than an explicit selection criterion.

Liss, E., Korpi, M. & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 325: The American Dream Lives in Sweden: Trends in intergenerational absolute income mobility

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Despite a sizeable literature on relative income mobility across generations, there is a dearth of studies of absolute mobility across generations, i.e. whether current generations earn more or less than their parents did at the same age, as well as how to explain the level of absolute mobility. We use individual micro data to study the trend in intergenerational absolute income mobility measured as the share of sons and daughters earning more than their fathers and mothers, respectively, for eleven Swedish birth cohorts between 1970 and 1980. We find that absolute mobility in Sweden significantly exceeds that of the United States and is largely on par with Canada. The rate of absolute mobility for women exceeds that of men throughout the study period, however the trend has been stronger for men. Using an augmented decomposition model which supplements standard models by accounting for differences in the income distribution of every birth cohort’s parent generation, we find that heterogeneity in the parent income distribution strongly determines how much economic growth contributes to absolute mobility across birth cohorts. If income inequality is high in the parent generation, more growth is required if children that move downward in the relative income distribution are to earn more than their parents.

Ratio Working Paper No. 323: Editorial: Enhancing Quantitative Theory-Testing Entrepreneurship Research

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

The purpose of this editorial is to discuss methodological advancements to enhance quantitative theory-testing entrepreneurship research. As the impact of entrepreneurship scholarship accelerates and deepens, our methods must keep pace to continue shaping theory, policy, and practice. Like our sister fields in business, entrepreneurship is coming to terms with the replication and credibility crisis in the social sciences, forcing the field to revisit commonly-held assumptions that limit the promise and prospect of our scholarship. Thus, we provide suggestions for reviewers and editors to identify concerns in empirical work, and to guide authors in improving their analyses and research designs. We hope that our editorial provides useful and actionable guidance for entrepreneurship researchers submitting theory-testing papers to Journal of Business Venturing.

Ratio Working Paper No. 322: Editorial: Enhancing Quantitative Exploratory Entrepreneurship Research

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

The purpose of this editorial is to discuss ways to enhance exploratory quantitative studies in entrepreneurship. We use examples from entrepreneurship research and other scientific fields to illustrate the advantages of graphical data display for both exploratory purposes and post hoc tests. We provide suggestions for authors, reviewers, and editors on ways to enhance the transparency, accuracy, and pedagogical presentation of quantitative data in papers with the explicit purpose of illuminating emerging and important entrepreneurship phenomena. Our hope is that we spark a conversation among entrepreneurship scholars about the state of our empirical work and the possibilities that lie ahead to enhance exploratory entrepreneurship research.

Shepherd, D., Wennberg, K., Suddaby, R. & Wiklund, J.

What Are We Explaining? A Review and Agenda on Initiating, Engaging, Performing, and Contextualizing Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2019

Published in

Journal of Management

Abstract

Entrepreneurship is multifaceted. The purpose of this review is to acknowledge and critically assess the many and varied dependent variables (DVs) of entrepreneurship over the last 17 years. By focusing exclusively on systematically reviewing entrepreneurship’s DVs, this paper maps out, classifies, and provides order to the phenomena that scholars consider part of this self-defined field of research. Using a systematic selection process and an inductive approach to categorization, we offer a meta-framework for organizing entrepreneurship’s DVs. On the basis of this meta-framework, entrepreneurship involves the (a) initiation, (b) engagement, and (c) performance of entrepreneurial endeavors embedded in (d) environmental conditions in which an entrepreneurial endeavor is the investment of resources into the pursuit of a potential opportunity. For each category, we offer both a review of the different DVs and opportunities for future research.

Wennberg, K., Fu, K. & Larsson, A-S.

Ratio Working Paper No. 315: Habitual Entrepreneurs in the Making: How Labour Market Rigidity and Employment Affects Entrepreneurial Re-entry

Publication year

2018

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

We investigate the impact of country-level labour market regulations on the re-entry decision of experienced entrepreneurs, whereby they become habitual entrepreneurs. Multilevel logit models on entry decisions among 15,709 individuals in 29 European countries show that labour market regulations have a positive influence on the decision to re-enter into entrepreneurship. This positive impact is stronger among individuals holding wage jobs at the time of re-entry compared to those that do not. Our results indicate that novice and habitual entrepreneurs may respond very differently to labour market rigidity. We discuss and provide tentative explanations for these differences, and outline potential policy implications.

Sandström, C, Karlson, N, Wennberg, W,

Innovationspolitik för tillväxt

Publication year

2018

Published in

Stockholm Ratio, har undersökt hur samspelet mellan finansiering och entreprenörskap kan förbättras för att underlätta innovationer konkurrenskraftig produktion och uthållig tillväxt Vi har undersökt tre olika förutsättningar för innovation: kapital kompetenser och institutioner, samt en, Resultaten har även uppmärksammats av bland andra, och

Abstract

Fu, K., Larsson, A.-S., & Wennberg, K.

Habitual entrepreneurs in the making: how labour market rigidity and employment affects entrepreneurial re-entry

Publication year

2018

Published in

Mähring, M., Wennberg, K., & Demir, R.

Abstract

Reaping Value from Digitalization in Swedish Manufacturing Firms

Publication year

2018

Published in

P Andersson S Movin M Mähring R Teigland & K Wennberg (red.)

Abstract

Excerpt: In this chapter, we take a fresh look at what is actually happening in the area of digitalization, with a particular focus on the Swedish manufacturing sector. […] We particularly focus upon patterns in the ways in which they seek to develop innovations and explore new business models from their activities related to product sensors and wireless data, cloud-based data warehouses, computer-aided manufacturing and 3D printing, big data technologies, and application programming interfaces (APIs). Our findings suggest that while many Swedish industrial firms have developed a strong edge through a combination of high-quality products, international presence, and decentralization, the latter in particular poses challenges when it comes to digital transformation. Digitalization may necessitate large investments across business segments, standardisation, and knowledge sharing regarding both customers and digital solutions in order to create new customer offerings. Points for reflection are then discussed, along with recommendations for scholars that are seeking to develop new and relevant knowledge by studying the transformation of Swedish industry, as well as for managers seeking to benchmark their digitalization activities to others.

Entrepreneurship and income inequality

Publication year

2018

Published in

Abstract

Entrepreneurship research highlights entrepreneurship as a simultaneous source of enhanced income mobility for some but a potential source of poverty for others. Research on inequality has furthered new types of models to decompose and problematize various sources of income inequality, but attention to entrepreneurship as an increasingly prevalent occupational choice in these models remains scant. This paper seeks to bridge these two literatures using regression-based income decomposition among entrepreneurs and paid workers distinguishing between self-employed (SE) and incorporated self-employed (ISE) individuals in Sweden. We find that the proportion of self-employed in the workforce increases income dispersion by way of widening the bottom end of the distribution, whereas the proportion of incorporated self-employed contributes to income dispersion at the top end of the distribution. Implications for research are discussed.
Related content: Working paper No. 281

Fu, K., Wennberg, K., & Falkenhall, B.

Productive entrepreneurship and the effectiveness of insolvency legislation: a cross-country study

Publication year

2020

Published in

Abstract

This paper studies the association between the effectiveness of insolvency regulations and entrepreneurship using multilevel modeling of about 300,000 individuals in 27 countries over the 2005–2010 period. We investigate the relationship between three different measures of “resolving insolvency” (time, cost, and recovery rate) from the World Bank and four different measures of entrepreneurship from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, controlling for relevant individual- and country-level facets. We find that opportunity-driven and innovation-oriented entrepreneurs are more severely affected by onerous insolvency regulations than necessity-motivated entrepreneurs. However, entrepreneurs envisioning rapid employment growth are not affected by onerous insolvency regulations. We discuss contributions to comparative entrepreneurship research and public policy.

Criaco, G., Sieger, P., Wennberg, K., Chirico, F., & Minola, T.

Parents’ performance in entrepreneurship as a “double-edged sword” for the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship

Publication year

2017

Published in

Small Business Economics 49

Abstract

We investigate how perceived parents’ performance in entrepreneurship (PPE) affects the entrepreneurial career intentions of offspring. We argue that while perceived PPE enhances offspring’s perceived entrepreneurial desirability and feasibility because of exposure mechanisms, it inhibits the translation of both desirability and feasibility perceptions into entrepreneurial career intentions due to upward social comparison mechanisms. Thus, perceived PPE acts as a double-edged sword for the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship. Our predictions are tested and confirmed on a sample of 21,895 individuals from 33 countries. This study advances the literature on intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship by providing a foundation for understanding the social psychological conditions necessary for such transmission to occur.

Fu, K, Larsson, A-S, Wennberg, K

Working paper No. 297: Habitual Entrepreneurs in the Making: How Labour Market Rigidity and Employment Affects Entrepreneurial Re-entry

Publication year

2017

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Larsson, J. P., Wennberg, K., Wiklund, J., & Wright, M.

Location choices of graduate entrepreneurs

Publication year

2017

Published in

Research Policy 46

Abstract

We review complementary theoretical perspectives on location choices of university graduate entrepreneurs derived from the individual-opportunity nexus and local embeddedness perspectives on entrepreneurship. Analysis of the full population of 215,388 graduates from Swedish institutions of higher education between 2002 and 2006 provides support for both location choice perspectives. Overall, 63% of graduate entrepreneurs start businesses locally in their region of graduation while 37% start businesses elsewhere. The likelihood of starting locally is substantially higher in metropolitan regions, if the graduate was born locally or has university peer entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial family members in the region of graduation. Implications for theory and public policy are discussed.
Related content: Working Paper No. 290

McKelvie, A., Brattström, A., & Wennberg, K.

How young firms achieve growth

Publication year

2017

Published in

Abstract

Growth orientation is important for understanding why some young firms grow but not others, but research remains silent on the intermediary mechanisms mediating the growth orientation–firm growth relationship. We study 282 Swedish firms and show that various innovative activities mediate the growth orientation–firm growth relationship. These mediating innovative activities include informal activities and the launch of new products, but not formal R&D. Our findings offer a more complete explanation for how growth orientation translates into realized growth, serving to reconcile empirical inconsistencies about the relationship between innovation and young firm growth.

Demir, R., Wennberg, K., & McKelvie, A.

The Strategic Management of High-Growth Firms: A Review and Theoretical Conceptualization

Publication year

2017

Published in

Long Range Planning

Abstract

Scholars’ knowledge of the factors behind high-growth firms remains fragmented. This paper provides a systematic review of the empirical literature concerning high-growth firms with a focus on the strategic aspects contributing to growth. Based on our review of 39 articles, we identify five drivers of high growth: human capital, strategy, human resource management, innovation, and capabilities. These drivers are combined to develop a conceptual model of high-growth firms that includes potential contingency factors among the five drivers. We also propose a research agenda to deepen the study of high-growth firms in strategic management.
Related content: Working paper No. 273

Larsson, J P, Wennberg, K, Wiklund, J, Wright, M

Working paper No. 290: Location Choices of Graduate Entrepreneurs

Publication year

2017

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

We review complementary theoretical perspectives on location choices of university graduate entrepreneurs derived from the individual-opportunity nexus and local embeddedness perspectives on entrepreneurship. Analysis of the full population of 215,388 graduates from Swedish institutions of higher education between 2002 and 2006 provides support for both location choice perspectives. Overall, 63 % of graduate entrepreneurs start businesses locally in their region of graduation while 37 % start businesses elsewhere. The likelihood of starting locally is substantially higher in metropolitan regions, if the graduate was born locally or has university peer entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial family members in the region of graduation. Implications for theory and public policy are discussed.
Related content: Location choices of graduate entrepreneurs

Entreprenörskap och inkomstspridning – hur företagare påverkar ojämlikheten

Publication year

2017

Published in

Abstract

Forskningen om inkomstojämlikhet har utvecklat modeller för att analysera inkomstspridning men har underlåtit att inkludera entreprenörskap – ett allt vanligare yrkesval. Vi undersöker hur antalet och typen av företagare påverkar inkomstskillnaderna i Sverige. Vi finner en tydlig polariseringseffekt av andelen företagare i arbetskraften: Egenföretagare ökar inkomstspridningen genom att flertalet har låga inkomster relativt löntagare, medan det omvända gäller för aktiebolagsföretagare. Påverkan sker således främst i svansarna av fördelningen, och den tycks vara som störst för egenföretagare.

Hedström, P., & Wennberg, K.

Working paper No. 284: Causal Mechanisms in Organization and Innovation Studies

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

We outline the guiding ideas behind mechanisms-based theorizing in analytical sociology as a fruitful alternative to economics-inspired research on identification of causal effects, and discuss the potential of mechanisms-based theorizing for further development in organization and innovation studies. We discuss the realist stance on providing broader explanations as an identifying characteristic of the mechanism approach, its focus on the dynamic processes through which outcomes to be explained are brought about, and outline theoretical and methodological implications for organization and innovation studies.

Isaksson, D., & Wennberg. K.

Working paper No. 283: Digitalization and Collective Value Creation

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

We discuss the spread and impact of digitalization as a disruptive technological change. We show how digitalization is intimately connected to globalization by first, being dependent on globalization for its impact, and second, enhancing the speed of globalization. Digitalization lowers barriers to funding, marketing, sales and distribution, and enables an increasing global flow of goods, services, and financial transactions. We discuss how digitalization also contributes to changing consumer habits and a blurring line between producers and consumers where the latter now have capabilities to build collective knowledge by they themselves becoming producers. Digital platforms are emerging, aggregating data and providing new business models where contact costs are approaching zero. These platforms wield strong economic power and the algorithms by which they operate also change incentives and transaction costs for producers and consumers. We sketch the patterns by which industries digitialize as being characterized by one or a few ‘platforms’ dominating a global market, but where such platforms also facilitate the emergence of more narrow niche businesses and products and allow new types of micro-multinationals to reach out to a larger global crowd and satisfy latent demand. These changes have already happened in media and music, and the principles seen in these industries can be seen as emerging in other sectors. We conclude by
highlighting the potential of digitalization to enhance the value of collective goods. We particularly highlight the cases of health care and the energy, and discuss how digital technologies can contribute to collective value creation in these areas.

Toft-Kehler, R., & Wennberg, K., & Kim, P. H.

A little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing

Publication year

2016

Published in

Journal of Business Venturing Insights

Abstract

Existing research has offered conflicting narratives of how entrepreneurial experience influences whether founders will continue working on or disengage from their ventures. We theorize and test how entrepreneurs with varying levels of experience disengage from early-stage companies. Findings reveal a U-shaped relationship, such that novices and highly experienced entrepreneurs are more likely to quit their ventures, while moderately experienced entrepreneurs are more likely to persist in their pursuits. We offer both theoretical and empirical explanations for how the propensity to disengage from new ventures evolves with entrepreneurial experience.
Related content: Working paper No. 277

Sandström,C., Wennberg, K., Wallin, M.W., & Zherlygina, Y.

Public policy for academic entrepreneurship initiatives

Publication year

2018

Published in

The Journal of Technology Transfer

Abstract

This article provides a critical review and discussion of current literature on technology transfer, incubators, and academic entrepreneurship. Drawing upon the notion of robustness in social systems and public choice theory, we review, code, and taxonomize 166 studies to assess the likelihood that these initiatives will generate innovation and economic growth. We find that academic entrepreneurship initiatives are characterized by conflicting goals, weak incentive structures for universities and academics, and are contextually dependent upon factors such as university strength. Our results suggest that there are critical boundary conditions that are unlikely to be fulfilled when universities and policymakers enact policies to support academic entrepreneurship initiatives. Policymakers therefore need to be cautious in the potential design of such initiatives. We discuss how technology transfer from universities might be better achieved through alternative mechanisms such as contract research, licensing, consulting and increased labor mobility among researchers.
Related content: Working paper No. 271

Efendic, N., Andersson, F. W., & Wennberg, K.

Growth in first- and second-generation immigrant firms in Sweden

Publication year

2016

Published in

Abstract

This article contributes to the research exploring the social and economic factors shaping the performance of immigrant-run firms. Drawing upon human and social capital theory and assimilation theory, we investigate differences in performance measured as revenue growth in a comparative study of native and immigrant CEOs. Following 50,002 small firms in Sweden over 4 years, we find distinct patterns in both firm size and revenue growth between firms managed by immigrants and by natives. While firms run by second-generation immigrants from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries exhibit higher growth rates than natives, the reverse is true for second-generation immigrants from non-OECD countries, suggesting that economic integration in terms of small business growth immigrants in Sweden is characterized by segmented rather than universal assimilation.

Related content: Working paper No. 265

Working paper No. 281: Entrepreneurship and Income Inequality

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Entrepreneurship research highlights individual entrepreneurship as a simultaneous source of enhanced income mobility for some but a potential source of poverty for others. Research on inequality has furthered new types of models to decompose and problematize various sources of income inequality in modern economies, but attention to entrepreneurship as an increasingly prevalent occupational choice in these models remains scant. This paper seeks to bridge these two literatures by applying regression-based income decomposition among entrepreneurs and paid workers, distinguishing between self-employed (SE) and incorporated self-employed (ISE) individuals in Sweden. We find that the proportion of self-employed in the workforce significantly increases income dispersion by way of widening the bottom end of the distribution, whereas the proportion of incorporated self-employed contributes only marginally to income dispersion at the top end of the distribution.

Vendler Toft-Kehler, R., Wennberg, K., & Kim, P.

Working paper No. 277: A little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Why family matters: The impact of family resources on immigrant entrepreneurs’ exit from entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Abstract

We integrate insights from the social embeddedness perspective with research on immigrant entrepreneurship to theorize on how family resources influence exit from entrepreneurship among previously unemployed immigrant entrepreneurs. Results from a cohort study of immigrant entrepreneurs in Sweden reveal that family resources are important for immigrants to integrate economically into a country. We find that having family members in geographical proximity increases immigrant entrepreneurs’ likelihood of remaining in entrepreneurship. Further, family financial capital enhances immigrant entrepreneurs’ likelihood of remaining in entrepreneurship as well as their likelihood of exiting to paid employment. Although often neglected in immigrant entrepreneurship studies, resources accruing from spousal relationships with natives influence entrepreneurs’ exit behavior. We discuss contributions for research on entrepreneurial exit, entrepreneurs’ social embeddedness, and immigrant entrepreneurship.
Related content: Working paper 274

Working paper No. 274: Why Family Matters: The Impact of Family Resources on Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ Exit from Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Related content: Why family matters: The impact of family resources on immigrant entrepreneurs’ exit from entrepreneurship

Demir, R, Wennberg, K, McKelvie, A

Working paper No. 273: The Strategic Management of High-Growth Firms: A Review and Theoretical Conceptualization

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Variable risk preferences in new firm growth and survival

Publication year

2016

Published in

Abstract

We outline and test a decision-making theory of new venture growth and survival. Building upon research in entrepreneurship and decision making under risk, we hypothesize that entrepreneurs’ attention to survival and aspiration reference points changes based on venture age (experience-based learning), size (differences in decision complexity), and performance decision domain. Examining a panel of 14,760 new ventures in the professional services sector, our findings show how risk preferences change as a venture ages and increases in size. This approach offers a more nuanced view of decision making under risk and provides a theoretical explanation for the common patterns of new ventures’ probability of exit and growth diminishing with age and size.

Working paper No. 272: Variable Risk Preferences in New Firm Growth and Survival

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Sandström, C., Wennberg, K., Wallin, M.W., & Zherlygina, Y.

Working paper No. 271: Public Policy for Academic Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

This article provides a critical review and discussion of current literature on technology transfer and academic entrepreneurship. Drawing upon the notion of robustness in social systems and public choice theory, we review, code, and taxonomize 166 studies in order to assess the likelihood that these initiatives will generate innovation and economic growth. We find that academic entrepreneurship initiatives are characterized by conflicting goals, weak incentive structures for universities and academics, and are contextually dependent on several factors, e.g. strong vs. weak universities. Our results therefore suggest that there are critical boundary conditions that are unlikely to be fulfilled when universities and governments enact policies to support academic entrepreneurship. Policymakers therefore need to be cautious in the potential design of such mechanisms. We discuss how technology transfer from universities might be better achieved through alternative mechanisms such as contract research, licensing, consulting and increased labor mobility among researchers.

Fredriksen, L., Wennberg, K. & Balachandran, C.

Mobility and Entrepreneurship: Evaluating the Scope of Knowledge-Based Theories of Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

Abstract

Knowledge-based theories of entrepreneurship infer transfer of knowledge from the effect of labor mobility on entrepreneurial entry. Yet, simple selection or situational mechanisms that do not imply knowledge transfer may influence entrepreneurial entry in similar ways. We argue that the extent to which such alternative mechanisms operate, labor mobility predicts entry but not subsequent performance for entrepreneurs. Analyses of matched employee–employer data from Sweden suggest that high rates of geographical and industry mobility increase individuals’ likelihood of entrepreneurial entry but have no effects on their entrepreneurial performance. This indicates that the relationship between labor mobility and entrepreneurial entry do not necessarily imply knowledge transfer.

Related content: Working paper No. 266

Frederiksen, L., Wennberg, K., & Balachandran, C.

Ratio Working Paper No. 266: Mobility and Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2015

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Knowledge-based theories of entrepreneurship infer transfer of knowledge from the effect of labor mobility on entrepreneurial entry. Yet, simple selection or situational mechanisms that do not imply knowledge transfer may influence entrepreneurial entry in similar ways. We argue that the extent to which such alternative mechanisms operate, labor mobility predicts entry but not subsequent performance for entrepreneurs. Analyses of matched employee-employer data from Sweden suggest that high rates of geographical and industry mobility increase individuals’ likelihood of entrepreneurial entry but have no effects on their entrepreneurial performance, indicating that the relationship between labor mobility and entrepreneurial entry not necessarily implies knowledge transfer.

Related content: Mobility and Entrepreneurship: Evaluating the Scope of Knowledge-Based Theories of Entrepreneurship

Efendic, N., Andersson, F W., Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 265: Growth in first- and second-generation immigrant firms in Sweden

Publication year

2015

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Despite the burgeoning literature on immigrant entrepreneurship, there is a dearth of research on the social and economic factors shaping the performance of immigrant-run firms. Drawing upon human and social capital theory and assimilation theory, we investigate differences in performance measured as revenue growth in a comparative study of native and immigrant CEOs. Following 50,002 small firms in Sweden over four years, we find distinct patterns in both firm size and revenue growth between firms managed by immigrants and by natives. While firms run by second-generation immigrants from OECD countries exhibit higher growth rates than natives, the reverse is true for second generation immigrants from non-OECD countries, suggesting that economic integration in terms of immigrants’ small business growth in Sweden is characterized by segmented rather than universal assimilation.

Related content: Growth in first- and second-generation immigrant firms in Sweden

The impact of entrepreneurship education in high school on long-term entrepreneurial performance

Publication year

2015

Published in

Abstract

This paper studies the long-term impact of entrepreneurship education and training in high school on entrepreneurial entry, performance, and survival. Using propensity score matching, we compare three Swedish cohorts from Junior Achievement Company Program (JACP) alumni with a matched sample of similar individuals and follow these for up to 16 years after graduation. We find that while JACP participation increases the long-term probability of starting a firm as well as entrepreneurial incomes, there is no effect on firm survival.

Virtuous decision-making in entrepreneurship

Norek, M. & Wennberg, K.

Publication year

2015

Published in

Abstract

Karlson, N., Wennberg, K. & Norek, M.

Virtues in Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2015

Published in

Abstract

Boken Virtues in Entrepreneurship handlar om företagsetik som långsiktigt leder till växande företag och mänsklig blomstring, och även skapar respekt för företagares samhällsinsats.
I tio empiriska och teoretiska bidrag analyseras vad som utmärker ekonomiskt beslutsfattande i framgångsrika företag. Vad krävs i form av arbetsinsats, omdöme, risktagande, uthållighet, samarbetsförmåga och andra färdigheter för att långsiktigt lyckas som entreprenör?

Denna dygdetik betonar vikten av inlärda karaktärsdrag som mod, uthållighet, rättvisa, driftighet och förmågan att fatta väl avvägda beslut, liksom strävan att åstadkomma gott. Det är en etik som inte är externt påbjuden, som de idag dominerande CSR- och intressentmodellerna, utan utgår från företagandets egna processer och utvecklingsbehov.

Entreprenörskapets företagsetik sätter fokus på den enskilda företagarens eget handlande när de driver och utvecklar sina företag i syfte att skapa vinst och tillväxt. Entreprenörsdygder av detta slag kan ses som centrala kompetenser i dagens samhälle, vilket har stora konsekvenser för bland annat synen på vinstdrivande verksamheter, respekten för företagares samhällsinsats, utbildningen av företagsledare samt relationen mellan stat och marknad.

Ratio Working Paper No. 245: The impact of entrepreneurship education in high school on long-term entrepreneurial performance

Publication year

2014

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Wennberg, K. & Berglund, H.

Ratio Working Paper No. 238. Pragmatic entrepreneurs and institutionalized scholars?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Research surveys of the field of entrepreneurship suggest that the maturation and institutionalization of entrepreneurship as a research field brings about both new opportunities and constraints from established thoughts and practices. In this chapter we explore some commonly applied questions and methodological dogmas in the field. In doing so we argue that research in entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly institutionalized with regard to different issues: successively scholarship, research questions, areas/units of analysis, as well as research tools used. When draw upon insights from philosophy of science and research on discovery of research ideas to discuss whether we as researchers pose questions that help us better understand entrepreneurship, its role in society and the way it affects society. We conclude the chapter by using the philosophy of Pragmatism to discuss how Entrepreneurs are pragmatic agents that draw upon a multitude of skills, experiences, repertoires of themselves and of others to reach their goals. Perhaps entrepreneurship research could benefit from learning from such an approach?

Bergström, A., Wennberg, K. & Stadin, E.

Ratio Working Paper No. 237. How policy could handle workplace digitization

Publication year

2014

Published in

Inclusive Growth in Europe

Abstract

While the brave new world of digital technology is delivering intensive growth to some companies and individuals, the question remains whether that growth ‘trickles down’ or ‘spills over’ to other sectors of the economy rapidly enough to avoid the massive social disruptions seen in earlier historical periods of economic transformation. In this short paper we discuss the potential labour market consequences of automation based on digital technology.

Is also available in: Bergström, A., Wennberg, K. & Stadin, E. (2014). “How policies can handle workplace digitisation”. In K. Wennberg & G. Ehrling (Eds.), Inclusive Growth in Europe. Stockholm: Bertil Ohlin Institute.

Wennberg, K. & DeTienne, D. R.

What do we really mean when we talk about ‘exit’?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Much of the research on entrepreneurial exit has focused on exit as a dichotomous outcome whereby exit is viewed negatively and survival positively. This perspective is quite different from that of practising entrepreneurs, who are more likely to be concerned with various types of exit, viewing some options as the ultimate fulfilment of the new venture process. Further, research on exit frequently fails to account for performance (for example, earnings from self-employment or firm-level profitability) in empirical models, even though performance is arguably the critical component of determining whether an exit is successful or unsuccessful. This review article delves into these issues – founder exit intentions, strategies for executing the exit, the process of exit and the importance of controlling for, or including, performance measures in academic research – thereby outlining an agenda for future research regarding entrepreneurial exit.

Ratio Working Paper No. 236: Entreprenörskap bland forskare – hur viktigt är det egentligen?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Denna artikel sammanfattar forskning om olika typer av kommersialiseringsmiljöer med bas i akademiska teorier och empiriska studier från Sverige. Målsättningen är att bidra till kritisk reflektion kring kommersialiseringsmiljöer och de policyåtgärder som myndigheter, universitet och andra aktörer kan göra för att förbättra kommersialiseringsmiljöer i sin närmiljö. Två tentativa slutsatser följer från forsknings-genomgången: För det första så indikerar litteraturgenomgången att ett ensidigt fokus på akademiska avknoppningar inte får betyda att vi glömmer bort vikten av andra och ofta bättre avknoppningar, främst dem från industrin. I den mån vi kan få industriella aktörer att delta i kommersialisering av forskningsresultat är detta sannolikt bättre än om forskare och myndigheter själva genomför kommersialiseringsförsök. För det andra påvisar litteratur-genomgången att kommersialiseringsmiljöer förekommer i många former och storleker och det är svårt att säga om de generellt leder till mer framgångsrika universitetsavknoppningar eller ej. Akademisk utbildning och forskning är viktiga för idéutveckling och resursstöd i entreprenörskap och kommersialisering av innovationer, men studenters entreprenörskap är sannolikt minst lika viktigt som entreprenörskap bland forskare.

Wennberg, K. & Elmoznino Laufer, M.

Financing future job creators

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Research has shown that young businesses with growth ambitions are important for job creation and innovation. A major obstacle to economic growth is the lack of financing for young firms.The Ratio Institute and the Swedish Federation of Business Owners have conducted a study to outline the financial sources of young and small businesses in Sweden and to investigate the challenges for financing the firms.

We use a sample of 380 limited liability firms in Sweden that are members of the Swedish Federation of Business Owners. The majority of the firms were founded 2010-2013. For our sample, the results show that the majority of the firms (87 %) use personal savings to finance their firms, while 28 % use bank loans which is the second most common type of finance. However, many of the firms that were approved bank loans report that they had to use personal assets as collateral and personal guarantees to back up their loans. Also, many entrepreneurs took a temporary employment elsewhere and didn’t take out any salary at some time.

Our results suggest that economic policies should focus on measures that improve personal wealth accumulation. The results give further support to the findings of recent studies that have been conducted in Sweden that personal wealth accumulation is important and that it is difficult to obtain bank loans for young businesses.

Toft-Kehler, R., Wennberg, K. & Kim, P. H.

Practice makes perfect

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

This study tackles the puzzle of why increasing entrepreneurial experience does not always lead to improved financial performance of new ventures. We propose an alternate framework demonstrating how experience translates into expertise by arguing that the positive experience–performance relationship only appears to expert entrepreneurs, while novice entrepreneurs may actually perform increasingly worse because of their inability to generalize their experiential knowledge accurately into new ventures. These negative performance implications can be alleviated if the level of contextual similarity between prior and current ventures is high. Using matched employee–employer data of an entire population of Swedish founder-managers between 1990 and 2007, we find a non-linear relationship between entrepreneurial experience and financial performance consistent with our framework. Moreover, the level of industry, geographic, and temporal similarities between prior and current ventures positively moderates this relationship. Our work provides both theoretical and practical implications for entrepreneurial experience—people can learn entrepreneurship and pursue it with greater success as long as they have multiple opportunities to gain experience, overcome barriers to learning, and build an entrepreneurial-experience curve.

Related content: Working Paper No. 210

Halvarsson, D. & Wennberg, K.

Hur växer kunskapsintensiva företag som sysslar med företagstjänster?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Kompetens för tillväxt

Abstract

I rapporten analyseras sysselsättningstillväxt i nystartade kunskapsintensiva tjänsteföretag (KIBS). Författarna presenterar en heltäckande studie av samtliga nya svenska KIBS-företag under slutet av 1990-talet och början av 2000-talet, en mycket expansiv period. Datamaterialet som används består av samtliga nya svenska KIBS-företag registrerade någon gång under perioden 1995-2002. Rapporten visar hur den teknologiska kunskapen hos företagens anställda tillsammans med företagsledningens erfarenhetsbaserade kompetens ger förutsättningarna att växa.

Resultaten indikerar att det i huvudsak är de interna resurserna, såsom andelen anställda med en teknologisk examen samt ledningsgruppens erfarenhetsbaserade kompetenser, som driver sysselsättningstillväxten i de nya KIBS-företagen. Slutsatserna visar att KIBS-företag är en viktig källa till nya jobb i Sverige och att de nya jobben främst skapas av erfarna entreprenörer som lyckas rekrytera kompetent teknisk personal.

Hellerstedt, K., Wennberg, K. & Fredriksen, L.

University Knowledge Spillovers & regional start-up rates

Publication year

2014

Published in

University Knowledge Spillovers & regional start-up rates: Supply and Demand-Side Factors, Working Paper No. 230

Abstract

This chapter investigates how regional start-up rates in the knowledge-intensive services and high-tech industries are influenced by knowledge spillovers from both universities and firm-based R&D activities. Integrating insights from economic geography and organizational ecology into the literature on entrepreneurship, we develop a theoretical framework which captures how both supply- and demand-side factors mold the regional bedrock for start-ups in knowledge-intensive industries. Using multilevel data of all knowledge-intensive start-ups across 286 Swedish municipalities between 1994 and 2002 we demonstrate how characteristics of the economic and political milieu within each region influence the ratio of firm births. We find that knowledge spillovers from universities and firm-based R&D strongly affect the start-up rates for both high-tech firms and knowledge-intensive services firms. Further, the start-up rate of knowledge-intensive service firms is tied more strongly to the supply of university educated individuals and the political regulatory regime within the municipality than start-ups in high-tech industries. This suggests that knowledge-intensive service-start-ups are more susceptible to both demand-side and supply-side context than is the case for high-tech start-ups in general. Our study contributes to the growing stream of research that explains entrepreneurial activity as shaped by contextual factors, most notably academic institutions, such as universities that contribute to knowledge-intensive start-ups.

Related content: Working Paper No. 230

Elmoznino Laufer, M., Svensson, L., Wennberg, K. & Berglund, H.

Affärsängelnätverk och investeringar

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Den här undersökningen och rapporten är till för dig som både vill ha mer fakta och statistik kring affärsänglar i allmänhet och Connects affärsänglar i synnerhet, men även för dig som är affärsängel idag eller funderar på att bli det. Att hitta rätt bolag att investera i är inte det lättaste, det startar omkring 70 000 företag per år i Sverige och långt ifrån alla är lämpliga för affärsängelinvesteringar. Lämpliga bolag har stor tillväxtpotential, en skalbarhet i sin affärsidé, men det viktigaste är att det finns ett drivet entreprenöriellt team bakom företaget.

Håll gränsen från generation till generation

Publication year

2014

Published in

Håll gränsen

Abstract

Delmar, F., & Wennberg, K.

Entreprenörskap och ekonomisk tillväxt: En kritisk Granskning

Publication year

2014

Published in

Organisation och Samhälle

Abstract

Akademisk teori såväl som politiska diskussioner framhåller ofta entreprenörskap som gynnsamt för ekonomisk tillväxt. De specifika teoretiska mekanismerna som gör att entreprenörskap leder till tillväxt har dock inte kunnat fastslås och det är därför inte klart om entreprenörskap alltid är ekonomiskt gynnsamt, och, om så är fallet, för vem? I denna artikel kommer vi att sammanfatta den empiriska forskningen inom entreprenörskap för att kritiskt diskutera de potentiella relationerna mellan entreprenörskap och tillväxt.

Related content: Working Paper No. 228

Coad, A., Daunfeldt, S.-O., Johansson, D. & Wennberg, K.

Whom do high-growth firms hire?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Industrial and Corporate Change

Abstract

We study employment and new hires among high-growth firms (HGFs) in the Swedish knowledge-intensive sectors 1999–2002. Using matched employer–employee data, we find that HGFs are more likely to employ young people, poorly educated workers, immigrants, and individuals who experienced longer unemployment periods. However, these patterns seem contingent on the stage of the firm’s evolution. HGFs that have already realized some rapid growth are more likely to hire individuals from other firms, even though immigrants are still overrepresented among new hires. In the case of both HGF employees and HGF new hires, employment opportunities in HGFs are provided by young and small firms.

Related content: Working Paper No. 169

Hellerstedt, K., Wennberg, K. & Frederiksen, L.

Ratio Working Paper No. 230: University Knowledge Spillovers & Regional Start-up Rates

Publication year

2014

Published in

University Knowledge Spillovers & regional start-up rates

Abstract

This paper investigates regional start-up rates in the knowledge intensive services and high-tech industries. Integrating insights from economic geography and population ecology into the literature on entrepreneurship, we develop a theoretical framework which captures how both supply- and demand-side factors mold the regional bedrock for start-ups in knowledge intensive industries. Using multi-level data of all knowledge intensive start-ups across 286 Swedish municipalities between 1994 and 2002 we demonstrate how characteristics of the economic and political milieu within each region influence the ratio of firm births. We find that economically affluent regions dominate entrepreneurial activity in terms of firm births, yet a number of much smaller rural regions also revealed high levels of start-ups. Knowledge spillovers from universities and firm R&D strongly affect the start-up rates for both knowledge intensive manufacturing and knowledge intensive services firms. However, the start-up rate of knowledge-intensive service firms is tied more strongly to the supply of highly educated individuals and the political regulatory regime within the municipality. This suggests that knowledge intensive service-start-ups are more susceptible to both demand-side and supply-side context than manufacturing start-ups. Our study contributes to the growing stream of research that explains entrepreneurial activity as shaped by contextual factors, most notably educational institutions that contribute to technology startups.

Related content: University Knowledge Spillovers & regional start-up rates

Delmar, F. & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 228: Entreprenörskap och ekonomisk tillväxt

Publication year

2014

Published in

Entreprenörskap och ekonomisk tillväxt: En kritisk Granskning

Abstract

Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups

Journal of Business Venturing 29

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

We integrate insights from family business and organizational ecology into the entrepreneurship field by constructing a theoretical framework that explains how the regional context impacts family and non-family start-ups in differing ways. Regional count data models based on a rich longitudinal dataset reveal that while economic factors such as population size and growth in regions are primarily associated with the number of non-family start-ups, factors related to regional embeddedness, such as pre-existing small family businesses as well as favorable community attitudes toward small businesses, are more strongly associated with the number of family start-ups. Our research provides support for the notion that ‘the regional context’ is an important yet under-theorized area for research on venture creation and family business.

Related content: Working Paper No. 212

Fergin, E., Stern, C. & Wennberg, K.

Rekrytering i svenska företag ‐ Rätt kompetens, verktyg, tid, stöd och strategier för att finna kompetensen?

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Rapporten behandlar stora och medelstora svenska företags syn på kompetensförsörjning samt hur dessa arbetar med rekrytering och urval. En majoritet av de studier som gjorts kring matchning på arbetsmarknaden och kompetensförsörjning angriper frågan från utbudssidan, dvs. vad de arbetssökande saknar. Denna studie analyserar istället efterfrågesidan, dvs. företagens strategier för kompetensförsörjning – finns det någonting i företagens sätt att arbeta som kan försvåra eller underlätta kompetensförsörjningen? Studien baseras på en enkät som skickades ut till ett stort antal Vd:ar, HR-chefer och andra med ansvar för kompetensförsörjning på stora och medelstora svenska företag.

Analysen visar att många rekryteringar går fel. Med rätt verktyg, rimliga förväntningar och en större möjlighet att jobba med utveckling av personal, skulle det gå lättare att hitta framtida medarbetare.

Autio, E., Pathak, S., Autio, S. & Wennberg, K

Working paper No. 223. How Culture Molds the Effects of Self Efficacy and Fear of Failure on Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness study (GLOBE) for 42 countries to investigate how the effects of individual’s self-efficacy and fear of failure on entrepreneurial entry are contingent on national cultural practices. Using multi-level methodology, we observe that the positive effect of self-efficacy on entry is moderated by the cultural practices of institutional collectivism and performance orientation. Conversely, the negative effect of fear of failure on entry is moderated by the cultural practices of institutional collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. We discuss the implications for theory and methodological development in culture and entrepreneurship.

Autio, E., Pathak, S., Autio, S. & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”How Culture Molds the Effects of Self Efficacy and Fear of Failure on Entrepreneurship”. Ratio Working paper No. 223.

Wennberg, K., Pathak, S., & Autio, E.

How culture molds the effects of self efficacy and fear of failure for entrepreneurship

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness study for 42 countries to investigate how the effects of individual’s self-efficacy and of fear of failure on entrepreneurial entry are contingent on national cultural practices. Using multi-level methodology, we observe that the positive effect of self-efficacy on entry is moderated by the cultural practices of institutional collectivism and performance orientation. Conversely, the negative effect of fear of failure on entry is moderated by the cultural practices of institutional collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. We discuss the implications for theory and methodological development in culture and entrepreneurship.

Nordqvist, M., Wennberg, K., Baù, M., & Hellerstedt, K.

An entrepreneurial process perspective on succession in family firms

Publication year

2013

Published in

Small Business Economics 40

Abstract

We review and analyze previous literature on succession in family firms from an entrepreneurial process perspective. Through a three-step cluster analysis of 117 published articles on succession in family firms published between 1974 and 2010, we find several themes within which succession can be understood from an entrepreneurial process perspective where both the entry of new owners and exit of old owners are associated with the pursuit of new business opportunities. We identify gaps within each cluster and develop a set of research questions that may guide future research on succession as an entrepreneurial process. Since succession involves implications for individuals, families and firms, we suggest researchers should adopt a multilevel perspective as they seek answers to these research questions. Our review and analysis also underlines the need to focus on ownership transition rather than only management succession, and the importance of carefully defining both succession and family firm.
Related content: Working Paper No. 157

Detienne, D. & Wennberg, K.

Working paper No. 218. Small business exit

Publication year

2013

Published in

What do we really mean when we talk about ‘exit’?

Abstract

In this chapter we look at exit as a multidimensional and multidisciplinary phenomenon that may involve processes and outcomes operating at multiple levels of analysis. We do so because entrepreneurship research is often considered a phenomenondriven academic field (Shane, 2003; Sorenson and Stuart, 2008) and entrepreneurship is in itself a multidimensional concept: its definition depends on the focus of the research undertaken (Davidsson, Low, & Wright, 2001). In this field, it is surprising that exit has received much less attention than the phenomenon of entry, growth, or innovation among new firms; however, there has been renewed interest in this topic and this research crosses many disciplines and multiple theoretical perspectives. In this chapter, we provide an indepth review of that research which is applicable to small business. We review disciplinary approaches to research on exit, and then present a literature review of 28 empirical studies of entrepreneurial exit during the last 29 years. We summarize these studies under a number of topical areas and discuss the potential for further development in these areas. In doing so, we provide a framework and opportunities for future research.

Related content: What do we really mean when we talk about ‘exit’?

Detienne, D. & Wennberg, K. (2013). Small business exit: Review of past research, theoretical considerations and suggestions for future research. Ratio Working paper No. 218.

Wennberg, K., Lindberg, H. M. & Fergin, E.

Rekrytering och kompetensförsörjning i snabbväxande företag

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Rapporten baseras på en systematisk intervjuundersökning med 126 snabbväxande företag i olika storleksklasser. Målet var att ta reda på hur snabbväxande företag rekryterar personal, t.ex. vilka rekryteringskanaler de använder och vilka kompetenser de söker. Resultaten indikerar att informella rekryteringsvägar är vanliga bland samtliga företag, men att formella kanaler ökar i takt med att företagen växer.

Studien visar också att snabbväxare i samtliga branscher – förutom IT-sektorn – prioriterar informell kompetens, t ex förmågan att förstå företagskulturen och att passa in i verksamheten.

Effekter av utbildning i entreprenörskap

Wennberg, K. & Elert, N.

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Ung Företagsamhet har i över trettio år hjälp ungdomar att utveckla sina entreprenöriella förmågor. Under ett läsår får eleverna starta, driva och avveckla ett UF-företag med stöd av lärare och rådgivare från näringslivet. Förmågan att samarbeta, lösa problem, fatta beslut och ta ansvar för sitt handlande utvecklas. Vad ger denna form av entreprenörskapsutbildning och vad händer i ett långsiktigt perspektiv med UF-företagarna?

Rapporten ger ett tydligt svar. De som drivit UF-företag under sin gymnasietid har senare i livet en starkare etablering på arbetsmarknaden, färre arbetslöshetsdagar, högre inkomst och blir oftare chefer än kontrollgruppen. Vi ser även att UF-företagande ökar sannolikheten att bli företagare och att inkomsten i dessa företag är högre än i kontrollgruppen.

Nyttan av entreprenörskap i gymnasiet?

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups

Working paper No. 212. Regional Influences on the Prevalence of Family Versus Non-Family Start-Ups

Bird, M. & Wennberg, K.

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Related content: Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups

Bird, M. & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”Regional Influences on the Prevalence of Family Versus Non-Family Start-Ups”. Ratio Working paper No. 212.

Kim, P H., Wennberg, K. & Toft-Kehler, R.

Working Paper No. 210. Practice Makes Perfect

Publication year

2013

Published in

Practice makes perfect

Abstract

Kim, P H., Wennberg, K. & Toft-Kehler, R.. (2013). ”Practice Makes Perfect: Entrepreneurial-Experience Curves and Venture Performance”. Ratio Working Paper No. 210.

Fergin, E., Andersson, F., Hellerstedt, K., Terjesen, T. och Wennberg, K

Homogenitet i bolagsstyrelser och VD:ars avgång

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Fergin, E., Andersson, F., Hellerstedt, K., Terjesen, T. och Wennberg, K (2013). ”Homogenitet i bolagsstyrelser och VD:ars avgång” publicerad i Ekonomisk debatt nr 8 2013.

Delmar, F., McKelvie, A., & Wennberg, K.

Untangling the relationships among growth, profitability and survival in new firms

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

The performance of new firms is important for economic development but research has produced limited knowledge about the key relationships among growth, profitability, and survival for new firms. Based on evolutionary theory, we develop a model about how new firms resolve uncertainty about their ability to prosper in a market by monitoring changes in profitability. Our model predicts selection pressures to weed out underperforming firms and learning in order to allow survivors to improve performance and grow. We test our theory using a unique panel of knowledge-intensive new firms in Sweden. We find strong support for the notion that profitability enhances both survival and growth, and growth helps profitability but has a negative effect on survival. Implications are discussed.

Related content: Working Paper No. 205

Autio, E., Pathak, S & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 207: Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors

Publication year

2013

Published in

Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors

Abstract

Although national culture is an important regulator of entrepreneurship, there is a dearth of studies that (i) explore the effects of national cultural practices on entrepreneurial behaviors by individuals; (ii) use appropriate multi-level research designs; (iii) consider the effects of culture on different entrepreneurial behaviors such as entry and post-entry growth aspirations. We combined Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effec-tiveness (GLOBE) data from 42 countries for 2005 – 2008 to address these gaps using a multi-level design. We found societal institutional collectivism practices negatively associated with entrepreneur-ial entry but positively associated with entrepreneurial growth aspirations. Uncertainty avoidance practices were negatively associated with entry but not with growth aspirations, while performance orientation practices were positively associated with entry. This highlights the differential effects of cultural practices on entrepreneurial entry and growth aspirations, and demonstratesthe value of multi-level techniques in analyzing the effect of culture on entrepreneurship.

Related content: Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors

Autio, E., Pathak, S & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors”. Ratio Working Paper No. 207.

Brattsröm, A., McKelvie, A. & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 206: The Relationship Between Innovation and New Firm Growth.

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

This paper seeks to untangle the relationship between new firm’s innovative activities and subsequent growth. We theorize about the inter-related roles of managerial growth willingness, inputs and outputs of innovative activities, and their subsequent link to sales growth. Investigating a longitudinal sample of 282 new Swedish firms reveals a complex set of mediating relationships that, when combined, help explain how innovation affects growth. First, we find growth willingness has an important relationship with innovative inputs such as R&D and market knowledge competence. Second, these inputs affect important innovative outputs such as new product development and the percentage of sales from new products. Third, these outputs directly affect growth – whereas the innovative inputs such as R&D do not have a direct impact. Taken together, our paper highlights the joint importance of managerial attitudes and strategic choices that help to shed new light on the effect of innovation on new firm growth. Implications for research and public policy are discussed.

Brattsröm, A., McKelvie, A. & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”The Relationship Between Innovation and New Firm Growth”. Ratio Working Paper No. 206.

Baù, M., Hellerstedt K., Nordqvist M., & Wennberg K.

Succession in Family Firms

Publication year

2013

Published in

Köp boken här

Abstract

Baù, M., Hellerstedt K., Nordqvist M., & Wennberg K. (2013). Succession in Family Firms. In R. L. Sorenson, A. Yu, K. H. Brigham, & G.T Lumpkin (Eds.), The Family Business Landscape (pp. 167-197). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Autio, E., Pathak, S., & Wennberg, K.

Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Although national culture is an important regulator of entrepreneurship, there is a dearth of studies that: (1) explore the effects of national cultural practices on entrepreneurial behaviors by individuals; (2) use appropriate multilevel research designs; (3) consider the effects of culture on different entrepreneurial behaviors, such as entry and post-entry growth aspirations. We combined Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) data from 42 countries for 2005–2008 to address these gaps, using a multilevel design. We found societal institutional collectivism practices negatively associated with entrepreneurial entry, but positively associated with entrepreneurial growth aspirations. Uncertainty avoidance practices were negatively associated with entry but not with growth aspirations, and performance orientation practices were positively associated with entry. Our analysis highlights the differential effects of cultural practices on entrepreneurial entry and growth aspirations, and demonstrates the value of multilevel techniques in analyzing the effect of culture on entrepreneurship.

Related content: Working Paper No. 207

Delmar, F., McKelvie, A. & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 205: Untangling the relationships among growth, profitability and survival in new firms

Publication year

2013

Published in

Untangling the relationships among growth, profitability and survival in new firms

Abstract

The performance of new firms is important for economic development but research has produced limited knowledge about the key relationships among growth, profitability, and survival for new firms. Based on evolutionary theory, we develop a model about how new firms resolve uncertainty about their ability to prosper in a market by monitoring changes in profitability. Our model predicts selection pressures to weed out underperforming firms and learning to allow survivors to improve performance and grow. We test our theory using a unique panel of knowledge-intensive new firms in Sweden. We find strong support for the notion that profitability enhances both survival and growth, and growth helps profitability but has a negative effect on survival. Implications are discussed.

Related content: Untangling the relationships among growth, profitability and survival in new firms

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Published in

Abstract

Sebhatu, A., Wennberg, K., Lakomaa, E. & Brandén, M.

Working Paper No. 330: Work Environment and Competition in Swedish Schools, 1999-2011

Publication year

2020

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Andersson, M., Braunerhjelm, P., Delmar, F., Rickne, A., Stenkula, M., Thorburn, K. & Wennberg, K.

Konkurrens, selektion och entreprenöriellt lärande – Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research 2019 till Boyan Jovanovic

Publication year

2019

Published in

Abstract

Sandström, C., Wennberg, K. & Karlson, N.

Bureaucrats or Markets in Innovation Policy?

Publication year

2019

Published in

Stockholm: Ratio

Abstract

Instead, innovation policy should focus on supplying the right competencies and on improving the
institutions of the market economy and the general
conditions for enterprise.

Markets rather than bureaucrats are decisive for
innovation, industrial development and growth.

Klofsten, M., Lundmark, E., Wennberg, K. & Bank, M.

Ratio Working Paper No. 326: Incubator specialization and size: divergent paths towards operational scale

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Research on incubators show that size is important in achieving efficiency and networking benefits for clients. However, little research has focused on what factors influence incubator size. We theorize and show partial support for size benefits to incubator specialization. Analyses of the relationship between size and four distinct specialization strategies in a sample of 96 European incubators show that incubator size is positively related to a strategic focus on universities and research institutes as recruitment channels and to a focus on sustainability, but not to a regional or industry focus. Paradoxically, tenants with a focus other than sustainability often dominate sustainability-oriented incubators, suggesting that sustainability may be more of a legitimating strategy than an explicit selection criterion.

Liss, E., Korpi, M. & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 325: The American Dream Lives in Sweden: Trends in intergenerational absolute income mobility

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Ratio Working Paper No. 323: Editorial: Enhancing Quantitative Theory-Testing Entrepreneurship Research

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Ratio Working Paper No. 322: Editorial: Enhancing Quantitative Exploratory Entrepreneurship Research

Publication year

2019

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Shepherd, D., Wennberg, K., Suddaby, R. & Wiklund, J.

What Are We Explaining? A Review and Agenda on Initiating, Engaging, Performing, and Contextualizing Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2019

Published in

Journal of Management

Abstract

Wennberg, K., Fu, K. & Larsson, A-S.

Ratio Working Paper No. 315: Habitual Entrepreneurs in the Making: How Labour Market Rigidity and Employment Affects Entrepreneurial Re-entry

Publication year

2018

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Sandström, C, Karlson, N, Wennberg, W,

Innovationspolitik för tillväxt

Publication year

2018

Published in

Abstract

Fu, K., Larsson, A.-S., & Wennberg, K.

Habitual entrepreneurs in the making: how labour market rigidity and employment affects entrepreneurial re-entry

Publication year

2018

Published in

Mähring, M., Wennberg, K., & Demir, R.

Abstract

Reaping Value from Digitalization in Swedish Manufacturing Firms

Publication year

2018

Published in

P Andersson S Movin M Mähring R Teigland & K Wennberg (red.)

Abstract

Entrepreneurship and income inequality

Publication year

2018

Published in

Abstract

Fu, K., Wennberg, K., & Falkenhall, B.

Productive entrepreneurship and the effectiveness of insolvency legislation: a cross-country study

Publication year

2020

Published in

Abstract

Criaco, G., Sieger, P., Wennberg, K., Chirico, F., & Minola, T.

Parents’ performance in entrepreneurship as a “double-edged sword” for the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship

Publication year

2017

Published in

Small Business Economics 49

Abstract

Fu, K, Larsson, A-S, Wennberg, K

Working paper No. 297: Habitual Entrepreneurs in the Making: How Labour Market Rigidity and Employment Affects Entrepreneurial Re-entry

Publication year

2017

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Larsson, J. P., Wennberg, K., Wiklund, J., & Wright, M.

Location choices of graduate entrepreneurs

Publication year

2017

Published in

Research Policy 46

Abstract

McKelvie, A., Brattström, A., & Wennberg, K.

How young firms achieve growth

Publication year

2017

Published in

Abstract

Demir, R., Wennberg, K., & McKelvie, A.

The Strategic Management of High-Growth Firms: A Review and Theoretical Conceptualization

Publication year

2017

Published in

Long Range Planning

Abstract

Larsson, J P, Wennberg, K, Wiklund, J, Wright, M

Working paper No. 290: Location Choices of Graduate Entrepreneurs

Publication year

2017

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

We review complementary theoretical perspectives on location choices of university graduate entrepreneurs derived from the individual-opportunity nexus and local embeddedness perspectives on entrepreneurship. Analysis of the full population of 215,388 graduates from Swedish institutions of higher education between 2002 and 2006 provides support for both location choice perspectives. Overall, 63 % of graduate entrepreneurs start businesses locally in their region of graduation while 37 % start businesses elsewhere. The likelihood of starting locally is substantially higher in metropolitan regions, if the graduate was born locally or has university peer entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial family members in the region of graduation. Implications for theory and public policy are discussed.
Related content: Location choices of graduate entrepreneurs

Entreprenörskap och inkomstspridning – hur företagare påverkar ojämlikheten

Publication year

2017

Published in

Abstract

Hedström, P., & Wennberg, K.

Working paper No. 284: Causal Mechanisms in Organization and Innovation Studies

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Isaksson, D., & Wennberg. K.

Working paper No. 283: Digitalization and Collective Value Creation

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Toft-Kehler, R., & Wennberg, K., & Kim, P. H.

A little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing

Publication year

2016

Published in

Journal of Business Venturing Insights

Abstract

Sandström,C., Wennberg, K., Wallin, M.W., & Zherlygina, Y.

Public policy for academic entrepreneurship initiatives

Publication year

2018

Published in

The Journal of Technology Transfer

Abstract

Efendic, N., Andersson, F. W., & Wennberg, K.

Growth in first- and second-generation immigrant firms in Sweden

Publication year

2016

Published in

Abstract

Working paper No. 281: Entrepreneurship and Income Inequality

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Vendler Toft-Kehler, R., Wennberg, K., & Kim, P.

Working paper No. 277: A little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Why family matters: The impact of family resources on immigrant entrepreneurs’ exit from entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Abstract

Working paper No. 274: Why Family Matters: The Impact of Family Resources on Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ Exit from Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Related content: Why family matters: The impact of family resources on immigrant entrepreneurs’ exit from entrepreneurship

Demir, R, Wennberg, K, McKelvie, A

Working paper No. 273: The Strategic Management of High-Growth Firms: A Review and Theoretical Conceptualization

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Variable risk preferences in new firm growth and survival

Publication year

2016

Published in

Abstract

Working paper No. 272: Variable Risk Preferences in New Firm Growth and Survival

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Sandström, C., Wennberg, K., Wallin, M.W., & Zherlygina, Y.

Working paper No. 271: Public Policy for Academic Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Fredriksen, L., Wennberg, K. & Balachandran, C.

Mobility and Entrepreneurship: Evaluating the Scope of Knowledge-Based Theories of Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2016

Published in

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

Abstract

Frederiksen, L., Wennberg, K., & Balachandran, C.

Ratio Working Paper No. 266: Mobility and Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2015

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Knowledge-based theories of entrepreneurship infer transfer of knowledge from the effect of labor mobility on entrepreneurial entry. Yet, simple selection or situational mechanisms that do not imply knowledge transfer may influence entrepreneurial entry in similar ways. We argue that the extent to which such alternative mechanisms operate, labor mobility predicts entry but not subsequent performance for entrepreneurs. Analyses of matched employee-employer data from Sweden suggest that high rates of geographical and industry mobility increase individuals’ likelihood of entrepreneurial entry but have no effects on their entrepreneurial performance, indicating that the relationship between labor mobility and entrepreneurial entry not necessarily implies knowledge transfer.

Related content: Mobility and Entrepreneurship: Evaluating the Scope of Knowledge-Based Theories of Entrepreneurship

Efendic, N., Andersson, F W., Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 265: Growth in first- and second-generation immigrant firms in Sweden

Publication year

2015

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

The impact of entrepreneurship education in high school on long-term entrepreneurial performance

Publication year

2015

Published in

Abstract

Virtuous decision-making in entrepreneurship

Norek, M. & Wennberg, K.

Publication year

2015

Published in

Abstract

Karlson, N., Wennberg, K. & Norek, M.

Virtues in Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2015

Published in

Abstract

Ratio Working Paper No. 245: The impact of entrepreneurship education in high school on long-term entrepreneurial performance

Publication year

2014

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Wennberg, K. & Berglund, H.

Ratio Working Paper No. 238. Pragmatic entrepreneurs and institutionalized scholars?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Bergström, A., Wennberg, K. & Stadin, E.

Ratio Working Paper No. 237. How policy could handle workplace digitization

Publication year

2014

Published in

Inclusive Growth in Europe

Abstract

Wennberg, K. & DeTienne, D. R.

What do we really mean when we talk about ‘exit’?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Ratio Working Paper No. 236: Entreprenörskap bland forskare – hur viktigt är det egentligen?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Ratio Working Paper

Abstract

Wennberg, K. & Elmoznino Laufer, M.

Financing future job creators

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Toft-Kehler, R., Wennberg, K. & Kim, P. H.

Practice makes perfect

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Halvarsson, D. & Wennberg, K.

Hur växer kunskapsintensiva företag som sysslar med företagstjänster?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Kompetens för tillväxt

Abstract

Hellerstedt, K., Wennberg, K. & Fredriksen, L.

University Knowledge Spillovers & regional start-up rates

Publication year

2014

Published in

University Knowledge Spillovers & regional start-up rates: Supply and Demand-Side Factors, Working Paper No. 230

Abstract

Elmoznino Laufer, M., Svensson, L., Wennberg, K. & Berglund, H.

Affärsängelnätverk och investeringar

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Håll gränsen från generation till generation

Publication year

2014

Published in

Håll gränsen

Abstract

Delmar, F., & Wennberg, K.

Entreprenörskap och ekonomisk tillväxt: En kritisk Granskning

Publication year

2014

Published in

Organisation och Samhälle

Abstract

Coad, A., Daunfeldt, S.-O., Johansson, D. & Wennberg, K.

Whom do high-growth firms hire?

Publication year

2014

Published in

Industrial and Corporate Change

Abstract

Hellerstedt, K., Wennberg, K. & Frederiksen, L.

Ratio Working Paper No. 230: University Knowledge Spillovers & Regional Start-up Rates

Publication year

2014

Published in

University Knowledge Spillovers & regional start-up rates

Abstract

Delmar, F. & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 228: Entreprenörskap och ekonomisk tillväxt

Publication year

2014

Published in

Entreprenörskap och ekonomisk tillväxt: En kritisk Granskning

Abstract

Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups

Journal of Business Venturing 29

Publication year

2014

Published in

Abstract

Fergin, E., Stern, C. & Wennberg, K.

Rekrytering i svenska företag ‐ Rätt kompetens, verktyg, tid, stöd och strategier för att finna kompetensen?

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Autio, E., Pathak, S., Autio, S. & Wennberg, K

Working paper No. 223. How Culture Molds the Effects of Self Efficacy and Fear of Failure on Entrepreneurship

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Autio, E., Pathak, S., Autio, S. & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”How Culture Molds the Effects of Self Efficacy and Fear of Failure on Entrepreneurship”. Ratio Working paper No. 223.

Wennberg, K., Pathak, S., & Autio, E.

How culture molds the effects of self efficacy and fear of failure for entrepreneurship

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Nordqvist, M., Wennberg, K., Baù, M., & Hellerstedt, K.

An entrepreneurial process perspective on succession in family firms

Publication year

2013

Published in

Small Business Economics 40

Abstract

Detienne, D. & Wennberg, K.

Working paper No. 218. Small business exit

Publication year

2013

Published in

What do we really mean when we talk about ‘exit’?

Abstract

Related content: What do we really mean when we talk about ‘exit’?

Detienne, D. & Wennberg, K. (2013). Small business exit: Review of past research, theoretical considerations and suggestions for future research. Ratio Working paper No. 218.

Wennberg, K., Lindberg, H. M. & Fergin, E.

Rekrytering och kompetensförsörjning i snabbväxande företag

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Studien visar också att snabbväxare i samtliga branscher – förutom IT-sektorn – prioriterar informell kompetens, t ex förmågan att förstå företagskulturen och att passa in i verksamheten.

Effekter av utbildning i entreprenörskap

Wennberg, K. & Elert, N.

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Nyttan av entreprenörskap i gymnasiet?

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups

Working paper No. 212. Regional Influences on the Prevalence of Family Versus Non-Family Start-Ups

Bird, M. & Wennberg, K.

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Related content: Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups

Bird, M. & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”Regional Influences on the Prevalence of Family Versus Non-Family Start-Ups”. Ratio Working paper No. 212.

Kim, P H., Wennberg, K. & Toft-Kehler, R.

Working Paper No. 210. Practice Makes Perfect

Publication year

2013

Published in

Practice makes perfect

Abstract

Kim, P H., Wennberg, K. & Toft-Kehler, R.. (2013). ”Practice Makes Perfect: Entrepreneurial-Experience Curves and Venture Performance”. Ratio Working Paper No. 210.

Fergin, E., Andersson, F., Hellerstedt, K., Terjesen, T. och Wennberg, K

Homogenitet i bolagsstyrelser och VD:ars avgång

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Fergin, E., Andersson, F., Hellerstedt, K., Terjesen, T. och Wennberg, K (2013). ”Homogenitet i bolagsstyrelser och VD:ars avgång” publicerad i Ekonomisk debatt nr 8 2013.

Delmar, F., McKelvie, A., & Wennberg, K.

Untangling the relationships among growth, profitability and survival in new firms

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Autio, E., Pathak, S & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 207: Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors

Publication year

2013

Published in

Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors

Abstract

Autio, E., Pathak, S & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors”. Ratio Working Paper No. 207.

Brattsröm, A., McKelvie, A. & Wennberg, K.

Ratio Working Paper No. 206: The Relationship Between Innovation and New Firm Growth.

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract

Brattsröm, A., McKelvie, A. & Wennberg, K. (2013). ”The Relationship Between Innovation and New Firm Growth”. Ratio Working Paper No. 206.

Baù, M., Hellerstedt K., Nordqvist M., & Wennberg K.

Succession in Family Firms

Publication year

2013

Published in

Köp boken här

Abstract

Autio, E., Pathak, S., & Wennberg, K.

Consequences of Cultural Practices for Entrepreneurial Behaviors

Publication year

2013

Published in

Abstract